Growth

Question 1

What is a polyp?

Answer 1

mass attached to a surface which may or may not be neoplasm

Question 2

Examples of premaglignant conditions NON-NEOPLASTIC?

Answer 2

chronic inflammation
cirrhosis of liver
chronic ulceratice colitis
xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 3

What does GRADING mean?

Answer 3

how BAD it LOOks

Question 4

What does STAGING mean?

Answer 4

how FAR it got

Question 5

What are problems with tumour grading?

Answer 5

subjective

appearance may vary

Question 6

What are the 3 main features of tumour staging?

Answer 6

size of primary tumour
extent of lymph node disease
any blood-borne metastasis

Question 7

What is NEOPLASM?

Answer 7

abnormal mass of tissue
growth of which exceeds normal tissue
carries on at same manner after removal of stimuli

Question 8

What is NEOPLASIA?

Answer 8

process by which a neoplasm is formed

Question 9

What is a TUMOUR?

Answer 9

means swelling but conventionally is used as a synonum for neoplasm

Question 10

How do BENIGN tumours grow?

Answer 10

expansion
displacing
adjacent to tissue

Question 11

How does a malignant tumour grow?

Answer 11

infiltration of local tissue and spreads to other parts of t body

Question 12

What is the spread of malignant tumours?

Answer 12

LOCAL - direct invasion

DISTANT - metastasis

Question 13

What is METASTASIS?

Answer 13

used in 2 ways…

1. secondary tumour
2. process secondary tumour formed

Question 14

What is a Secondary Tumour?

Answer 14

‘offspring’ of a primary malignant tumour

Question 15

What are the routes of METASTASIS?

Answer 15

• lymphatic
• blood
• transcoelomic
• along epithelia, lined spaces
• within epithelium

Question 16

How does METASIS work via LYMPHATICS?

Answer 16

tumour directly invade lymphatics
tumour emboli filtered out, then grow in lymph
typical epithethelial malignancy

Question 17

How does METASTASIS work via blood?

Answer 17

tumour invade blood cells
emboli filtered out by capillaries. eg. liver
typical stromal malignancy

Question 18

Routes of METASTASIS of TRANSCOEMLOMIC spread?

Answer 18

peritoneal

pleural

Question 19

Routes of METASIS of EPITHELIAL lined spaces?

Answer 19

bronchiolo aleveolar carcinoma of lung

Question 20

Routes of METASTASIS within EPITHELIUM?

Answer 20

pagets disease of nipple,vulva and anus

Question 21

What are particular sites of METASTASES?

Answer 21

lymph nodes
liver
lungs
bone
brain
endocrine
skin

Question 22

What does a name of legion depend on?

Answer 22

site
behaviour
histogenesis

Question 23

Examples of malignant tumours?

Answer 23

cancer
carcinoma
sarcoma

Question 24

“OMA” cells are…

Answer 24

benign

Question 25

“SARCOMA” cells are…

Answer 25

malignant

Question 26

What is Leukaemia?

Answer 26

neoplastic proliferation of haemopietic stem cells
neoplastic spill into blood stream
all malignant

Question 27

What are the two types of lymphoma?

Answer 27

hodkins disease

non-hodgkins lymphoma

Question 28

What is LYMPHOMA?

Answer 28

malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue

Question 29

What is teratoma>

Answer 29

aries from totipotential cells
producing tissues representing 3 germ cells
OVARY
TESTES
MIDLINE

Question 30

What are the effects of benign tumour?

Answer 30

mechanical pressure
obstruction
infarction
infection
rupture of cystic
neoplasm
hormone profuction
malignant change

Question 31

What are the effects of malignant tumours?

Answer 31

tissue destruction 
haemorrhage
secondary infection
pain
anemia