Growth Flashcards
What is a polyp?
mass attached to a surface which may or may not be neoplasm
Examples of premaglignant conditions NON-NEOPLASTIC?
chronic inflammation
cirrhosis of liver
chronic ulceratice colitis
xeroderma pigmentosum
What does GRADING mean?
how BAD it LOOks
What does STAGING mean?
how FAR it got
What are problems with tumour grading?
subjective
appearance may vary
What are the 3 main features of tumour staging?
size of primary tumour
extent of lymph node disease
any blood-borne metastasis
What is NEOPLASM?
abnormal mass of tissue
growth of which exceeds normal tissue
carries on at same manner after removal of stimuli
What is NEOPLASIA?
process by which a neoplasm is formed
What is a TUMOUR?
means swelling but conventionally is used as a synonum for neoplasm
How do BENIGN tumours grow?
expansion
displacing
adjacent to tissue
How does a malignant tumour grow?
infiltration of local tissue and spreads to other parts of t body
What is the spread of malignant tumours?
LOCAL - direct invasion
DISTANT - metastasis
What is METASTASIS?
used in 2 ways…
- secondary tumour
- process secondary tumour formed
What is a Secondary Tumour?
‘offspring’ of a primary malignant tumour
What are the routes of METASTASIS?
- lymphatic
- blood
- transcoelomic
- along epithelia, lined spaces
- within epithelium
How does METASIS work via LYMPHATICS?
tumour directly invade lymphatics
tumour emboli filtered out, then grow in lymph
typical epithethelial malignancy
How does METASTASIS work via blood?
tumour invade blood cells
emboli filtered out by capillaries. eg. liver
typical stromal malignancy
Routes of METASTASIS of TRANSCOEMLOMIC spread?
peritoneal
pleural
Routes of METASIS of EPITHELIAL lined spaces?
bronchiolo aleveolar carcinoma of lung
Routes of METASTASIS within EPITHELIUM?
pagets disease of nipple,vulva and anus
What are particular sites of METASTASES?
lymph nodes liver lungs bone brain endocrine skin
What does a name of legion depend on?
site
behaviour
histogenesis
Examples of malignant tumours?
cancer
carcinoma
sarcoma
“OMA” cells are…
benign
“SARCOMA” cells are…
malignant
What is Leukaemia?
neoplastic proliferation of haemopietic stem cells
neoplastic spill into blood stream
all malignant
What are the two types of lymphoma?
hodkins disease
non-hodgkins lymphoma
What is LYMPHOMA?
malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue
What is teratoma>
aries from totipotential cells producing tissues representing 3 germ cells OVARY TESTES MIDLINE
What are the effects of benign tumour?
mechanical pressure obstruction infarction infection rupture of cystic neoplasm hormone profuction malignant change
What are the effects of malignant tumours?
tissue destruction haemorrhage secondary infection pain anemia
