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Heart & Blood Vessells Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for CARDIAC DISEASE?

A

Heart Disease

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2
Q

What is another name for BLOOD VESSEL DISEASE?

A

Vascular Disease

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3
Q

What is another name for a disease present from birth?

A

Congenital cardiovascular disease

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4
Q

What are examples of CARDIAC DISEASE?

A 
Ischameia & MI
Cardiac Failure
Valvular Heart Disease
Pericarditis
Myocarditis
Ususual cardiac disease
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5
Q

What are examples of VASCULAR DISEASE?

A
  • Atherosclerosis
  • Aneurysms
  • Hypertension
  • Diabetic Vscular Disease
  • Vien Disease
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6
Q

What is CARDIAC FAILURE?

A

heart unable to pump blood @ rate required for normal functioning

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7
Q

What happens when the heart does not pump as effectively as it should?

A

oedema

triedness

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8
Q

What are the causes of CARDIAC FAILURE?

A 
ischamic heart disease
hypertensions
valvar heart disease
arrhymias
congenital heart
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9
Q

What are the symptoms of CARDIAC FAILURE?

A 
SOB
Fatigue
fluid in lungs
excessive, fluid-filled viens
(systemic venous congestion & odema
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10
Q

What is the treatment of Cardiac Failure?

A

treat underlying cause

there are a range of medicines

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11
Q

What does a valve do?

A

Valve regulates flow in one direction only.

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12
Q

What are the valvular heart disease mechanisms?

A
  • stenosis
  • incompetence/regurgitation
  • vegetations
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13
Q

What is STENOSIS?

A

failure to open completely impending forward flow.

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14
Q

What is incompetence/regurgitation?

A

failure to close, allowing reserve flow

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15
Q

What can vegetations result from?

A

infective endocarditis & rheumatic fever

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16
Q

What can cause valvular regurgitation?

A

result from disease of cusps but also damage to supporting structures

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17
Q

What can cause stenosis?

A

primary valve cusp abnormality

chronic process

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18
Q

What is the most common valvular heart disease?

A

stenosis of the aortic & mitral valves

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19
Q

What are underlying causes of valvular heart disease?

A
  • infection
  • calcific aortic valve
  • age related
  • carcinoid syn
  • fibrosis & muscle rup
  • heart failure
  • hypertension
  • congenital
  • IV DRUG use
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20
Q

What is the PATHOLOGICAL CAUSE of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

rheumatic fever

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21
Q

What are the clinical features of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

pulmonary hypertension
L artieral & R vent hypertrophy
Murmur

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22
Q

What are the Pathological Cause of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

rheumatic fever
dilation of mitral valve
degeneration of valve casp
papillary muscle fibrosis & dystfunction

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23
Q

What are the CLINICAL FEATURES of MITRAL INCOMP?

A

Murmur

Variable haemodynamic effect

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24
Q

What are the PATHOLOGICAL CAUSE of Aortic stenosis?

A

calcium degeneration

rheumatic fever

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25
Q

What is the treatment of CARDIAC FAILURE?

A

treat underlying cause

there are a range of medicines

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26
Q

What does a valve do?

A

valve regulates flow in one direction only.

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27
Q

What are the valvular heart disease mechanisms?

A

stenosis
incompetence/regurgitation
vegetations

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28
Q

What is STENOSIS?

A

failure to open completely, inpending forward flow

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29
Q

What is incompetence/regurgitation?

A

failure to close, allowing reserve flow.

30
Q

What can vegetations result from?

A

Infective endocarditis & rheumatic fever

31
Q

What can cause valvular regurgitation?

A

result from disease of cusps but also damage to supporting structures

32
Q

What can cause STENOSIS?

A

primary valve cusp abnormality

-chronic process

33
Q

What is the most common valvular heart disease?

A

stenosis of the aortic & mitral valves

34
Q

What are underlying causes of valvular heart disease?

A
  • infection
  • calcific aortic valve
  • age-related
  • carcinoid syn
  • fibrosis & muscle rup
  • heart failure
  • hypertension
  • congenital
  • iv drug use
35
Q

What is the PATHOLOGICAL CAUSE of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

rheumatic fever

36
Q

What are the CLINICAL FEATURES of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

pulmonary hypertension
l artrial & r vent hypertrophy
murmur

37
Q

What are the pathological cause of MITRAL STENOSIS?

A

rheumatic fever
dilation of MITRAL VALVE
degeneration of valve casp
papillary muscle fibrosis & dysfunction

38
Q

What are the clinical features of mitral incomp?

A

murmur

variable haemodynamic effect

39
Q

What are the clinical features of aortic stenosis?

A 
murmur
l ventricular hypertrophy
angina
suncope
l ventricle failure
sudden death
40
Q

What are the PATHOLOGICAL causes of AORTIC INCOMPETENCE?

A

rheumatic fever
dilation of aortic root
rheumatological disorders

41
Q

What are the clinical features of Aortic incompetence?

A

mumur
collapsing pulse
angina
l - ventricular failure

42
Q

What are the pathological causes of endocarditis?

A 
rheumaticdis
bacteria
prosthetic heart valvue
calcific valve disease
IV drug use
43
Q

What are the clinical features of endocarditis?

A 
malaise
clubbing
cardiac murmurs and failures
arthralagia
pyrexia
skin lesions
splenomegaly 
haematuria
44
Q

What are the symptoms of valvular heat disease?

A 
differ with the site
stroke
arrhythmias
ventricular hypertrophy
angina
suncope
heart failure
infarct to the kidneys
45
Q

What is Endocarditis?

A

when lining becomes increased inflammed

46
Q

Where does Streptocci affect?

A

Abnormal valves, such as dental extraction, cleaning, bronchoscopy

47
Q

What does STAPH AUREUS affect?

A

normal values, usually IV drug users

48
Q

What are the clinical presentations of vegetations?

A

sepsis
heart failure
new murmur

49
Q

What are the types of pericarditis & myocarditis?

A

acute

chronic

50
Q

What are the symtpoms of pericarditis & myocarditis?

A

chest pain

cardiac failure

51
Q

What are the treatment for pericarditis & myocarditis?

A

ant-inflame drugs

surgical excisions

52
Q

What are the causes of pericarditis & myocarditis?

A 
viral
bacterial
parasitic
TB
Uraemia
53
Q

What is CARDIO MYOPATHY?

A

Disease of heart muscle

54
Q

What is cardiac dilation?

A

process of expansion & stretching

55
Q

What are the clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

A 
SOB
Chest Pain
Palpitation
Sudden Death
ArtrialF ibulation
56
Q

What are aneurysms?

A

localised
permanent
abnormal dilation of a blood vessel

57
Q

What are causes of aneurysms?

A 
age
atherosclerosis
hypertension
diabetes
autoimmue disease
syphilis
58
Q

Whata re the treatment of aneurysums?

A

stents
surgery
reducing arterial pressure

59
Q

What is the site of aneurysm of Atherosclerotic?

A

lower abdo & liac arteries

60
Q

What is the site of aneurysm for aortic dissection?

A

Aorta

& major branches

61
Q

What is the site of Berry anenrysm?

A

circle of wilis

62
Q

What is the site of micro aneruysm?

A

intracerebral

capillaries

63
Q

What is the site of syphilitic aneurysm

A

ascending & arch of aorta

64
Q

What is the site of a mycotic aneurysm?

A

root of aorta & any vessel

65
Q

What are the classification of hypertension?

A

benign hypertension

malignant hypertension

66
Q

What are the secondary hypertension causes?

A

Renal
Endocrine
Vascular
Neurogenic

67
Q

What are the complications of hypertension?

A 
blood vessels
heart
kidney
eyes
brain
68
Q

What are the complication of diabetic vascular disease?

A

gangrene
renal failure
blindness

69
Q

What is venous thrombosis?

A

normal venous
retrun is impleded
predisposes to thrombosis

70
Q

What are the causes venous thrombosis?

A 
immobility
malignancy
pregnancy & child birth
ostrogens
IV cannulas
71
Q

What are the causes of VARICOSITES?

A

incompetent valves in legs
stasis
oedema
fibrin

My Pathology (11 decks)

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