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EMBRYO Block 3 > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two muscles that do not form from mesoderm?

A
  • iris (neuroectoderm)

- esophagus ( not directly from mesoderm)

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2
Q

what does the muscular system develop from

A

mesoderm

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3
Q

what s derived from paraxial mesoderm which forms the somites

A

skeletal muscle

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4
Q

what does smooth muscle differentiate from

A

visceral splanchnic mesoderm around the gut and from ectoderm

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5
Q

arrector pili muscle has what origin?

A

ectoderm

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6
Q

what is cardiac muscle derived from

A

visceral splanchnic mesoderm that surronds the heart tube

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7
Q

what is the induction of myogenesis in mesenchymal cells carried out by?

A

Myo D

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8
Q

what is the member of the family of myogenic regulatory factors that activates transcription of muscle specific genes

A

MyoD

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9
Q

what is known to stimulate myogenic cells to begin expression of Myo D

A

Pax-3 and myf-5

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10
Q

muscles from the head derive from how many somitomeres

A

7

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11
Q

what are extraocular(eye) muscles derived from

A

somitomeres 1,2,3

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12
Q

what are the cranial nerves that innervate the extra-ocular muscles

A

CN III
CN IV
CN VI

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13
Q

what are tongue muscles derived from

A

occipital myotomes

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14
Q

what are tongue muscles innervated by

A

CN XII

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15
Q

what are trunk muscles derived from

A

myotomes in the trunk region

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16
Q

what do the myotome in the trunk region split into?

A
  • dorsal epimere

- ventral hypomere

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17
Q

what does the epimere in the trunk become?

A

the extensor muscles of the neck and the vertebral column

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18
Q

what are is the epimere innervated by ( extensor muscles of neck)

A

dorsal rami of spinal nerves

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19
Q

what does the hypomere of the trunk region develop into

A

scalene, prevertebral, geniohyoid, infrahyoid, intercostal, and abdominal muscles

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20
Q

what is the hypomere innervated by

A

ventral rami od spinal nerves

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21
Q

what is the syndrome that is marked by partial or complete absence of abdominal musculature mostly involving the cells of the hypomere

A

Prune Belly Syndrome

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22
Q

in prune belly syndrome what is seen about the abdominal wall

A

it is so thin that the organs are visible and can be palpated

23
Q

what is associated with malformations of the urinary tract, bladder, and urethral obstruction

A

prune belly syndrome

24
Q

accumulation of fluid in the abdomen of babies with prune belly syndrome results in

A

atrophy of the abdominal muscles

25
Q

what syndrome will you see that there is barley any linea alba and the muscles are missing, the umbilical cord will be very low as well

A

prune belly syndrome

26
Q

what is the group of inherited muscle diseases that cause progressive wasting and weakness

A

muscular dystrophies

27
Q

what is the most common muscular dystrophy

A

Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy

28
Q

what age does Duchenne muscular dystrophy usually show

A

age 5

29
Q

what is the gene mutation for duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

dystrophin on the X chromosome

30
Q

what is the life expectancy of someone with ducheenes

A

age 20

31
Q

what makes boys with duchenne MS die

A

when the cardiac and respiratory muscles fail

32
Q

what muscle can easily be traumatized during birth and is associated with wryneck

A

sternocleidomastoid

33
Q

in what disease is the sternocleidomastoid abnormally shortened and causes the rotation and tilt of the head

A

Congenital Torticollis

Wryneck

34
Q

what can Wryneck be caused by

A

injury to the muscle during child birth and then a hematoma is formed and leads to fibrosis of the muscle, decreasing the movement

35
Q

what is the syndrome that is caused by the absence of a pectoralis major and is associated with the absence of the mammary gland in the breast, hypoplasia of the nipple or hypoplasia of the sternum and ribs

A

poland syndrome

36
Q

what is the max tanner stage of a young girl with Poland syndrome

A

3

37
Q

what develops from the myoblasts surrounding the developing bone

A

the muscles of the limb

38
Q

molecular signals from what induce Pax-3, Myf-5 in the somites

A

neura tube and notochord

39
Q

what participates in the regualtion of migration of the precursor myogenic cells

A

Pax-3

40
Q

what do smooth muscle fibers differentiate from

A

splanchnic mesenchyme

41
Q

what is the first sign of differentiation of smooth muscle

A

the development of elongated nuclei in spindle shaped myoblasts

42
Q

in skeletal muscle the cells fuse what about with smooth muscle

A

they remain multi nucleated

43
Q

what kind of innervation develops as smooth muscle proliferates

A

autonomic innervation

44
Q

what does cardiac muscle develop from

A

splanchnic mesoderm that is around the endothelial heart tube

45
Q

what do myoblasts adhere to one another by in cardiac muscle

A

intercalated discs

46
Q

what forms the conducting system of the heart

A

Purkinje Fibers

47
Q

what is characterized by the absence of the pectoralis minor and partial loss of the pec major. the nipple and areola will be absent r displaced

this is coupled with syndactyly and brachydactyly

A

poland sequence

48
Q

what is it called when the fingers are fused

A

syndactyly

49
Q

what is it called when the fingers are short

A

brachydactyly

50
Q

what is the difference between poland syndrome and poland sequence

A

poland syndrome there is only an affect in the missing pec major

in poland sequence the pec major is absent and there is anomaly of the limb development

51
Q

where should you look in the case of Poland sequence when you see syndactyly and brachydactyly?

A

the axilla area

52
Q

in what defect are the involved muscle replaced by fat or fiborus tissue and there is problem with one or all joints of the babies body

A

Arthrogryposis

53
Q

what are the joints that are the most commonly affected in Arthrogryposis

A

ankle and shoulder

54
Q

kids with spinal bifida and anomalies of motor horn cells can have what defect

A

arthrogryposis

EMBRYO Block 3 (5 decks)

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