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EMBRYO Block 3 > Limb System > Flashcards

Limb System Flashcards

1
Q

limb develops from..

A

lateral mesoderm

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2
Q

what regulates the patterning in the formation of the limbs

A

homeobox genes

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3
Q

how many homeobox genes are there

A

13

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4
Q

when are the upper limb buds visible

A

day 26-27

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5
Q

when are the lower limb buds appear

A

1-2 days after the upper ones

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6
Q

what does the limb bud consist of

A

a mass of mesenchyme that is convered by ectoderm

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7
Q

where is the mesenchye in the limb bud derived from

A

the somatic layer of lateral mesoderm

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8
Q

what is the area at the apex of the limb bud where the ectoderm thickens

A

AER apical ectodermal ridge

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9
Q

what is needed for the AER to get information

A

BMP signaling

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10
Q

what is the multi layer epithelial structure that is induced by underlyinh mesenchyme

A

AER

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11
Q

wat kind of influence does the AER have on limb mesenchyme

A

indutive influence ( makes it grow and develop)

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12
Q

what is at the posterior of the limb bud

A

ZPA- zone of polarizing activity

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13
Q

the fibroblasts growth factors from the AER activate the mesenchymal cells aggreagates at the posterior part of the limb bud called the ZPA, the activation allows for..

A

Shh -sonic hedgehog genes

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14
Q

what do the mesenchymal cells that are close to the AER do

A

they become blood vessels and cartilage bone models

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15
Q

in what week have mesenchymal tissue in the handplates condensed to for digital rays

A

week 6

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16
Q

when do the digita rays in the foot plates form digital rays

A

week 7

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17
Q

what is responsble for the tissue breakdown in the interdigital regions

A

programmed cell death- apoptosis

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18
Q

what is apoptosis mediated by

A

BMP and TGF-beta superfamily

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19
Q

what forms the:

  • scapula
  • clavicle
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges
A

lateral plate mesoderm

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20
Q

which bone undergoes both forms of ossification

A

clavicle

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21
Q

when do chondrification centers appear

A

5th week

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22
Q

when is the whole limb cartiligenous

A

6th week

23
Q

osteogeneis of long bones start when

A

week 7

24
Q

what forms a large muscle mass in each limb that will later seperate into extensor and flexor

A

myoblasts

25
Q

cervical myotome contributes to what

A

muscles of pectoral girdle

26
Q

lumbosacral myotomes do become..

A

pelvic girdle

27
Q

which limb rotates laterally 90 degrees on long axis

A

upper limb

28
Q

which limb rotates medially 90 degrees

A

lower limb

29
Q

wat forms the neurilemmal and myelin sheath

A

the neural crest cells that are the precursor for schwan cells surrounding the motor and sensor nerve fibers

30
Q

when do peripheral nerves grow from the limb plexuses into the mesenchym of limb

A

week 5

31
Q

what is the area of skin that is supplied by a single nerve and its spinal ganglion

A

dermatome

32
Q

what is the blood suplly to the limbs

A

branches of the intersegmental arteries that come from the aorta

33
Q

wat is the primordial vascular pattern

A

there are primary axial artery and its branches, they drain to the marginal sinus

34
Q

what forms the proximla part of the right subclavian

A

aortic arc 4

35
Q

what forms the distal part of the right subclavian

A

7th intersegmetnal artery and entire left subclavian artery

36
Q

where axis artery end

A

terminal plexus ( subcav-> axis–>?

37
Q

terminal plexus helps form what

A

deep and superficial palmar arch

38
Q

what is responsibel for the formaiton of new vessels

A

angiogenesis

39
Q

primary axial artery becoes.

A

brachial artery in the arm and common interosseous artery in forearm

40
Q

in lower limb what is primary axial artery represented by

A

deep artery of thigh

41
Q

in leg primary axial artery becomes t

A

tibial arteries

42
Q

when is the most critical days of develoment

A

24-36th day of fertilization

43
Q

exposure to thalidomide when… will there be severe limb defects like amelia

A

day 33

44
Q

which one has patial absence of hands, amelia or meroamelia

A

meroamelia

45
Q

what are genetic factors that can mess limbs up

A

chromsomsal abnormalities

46
Q

what are the two test that are done to make sure the femur is not falling out of the shallow head of acetabulum

A

Barlow test and ortolani test

47
Q

which test do you pull the leg laterally and down

A

ortolani test

48
Q

amnion can seperate from chorion and do what

A

wrap around digits or neck

49
Q

what is it when there is an absence of one or more central digits and the hand and foot are divided into two parts

A

lobster claw deformities

50
Q

when radius doesnt form at what time does this happen

A

week 5

51
Q

polydacryly?

A

supernumerary digits

52
Q

what is the most common club foot ?

A

talipes equinovarus

53
Q

in what percent is club foot bilateral

A

50%

54
Q

club foot is more frequent in who

A

males

EMBRYO Block 3 (5 decks)

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