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EMBRYO Block 3 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

when does the primordial heart and vascular system appear

A

middle of week 3

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2
Q

cardiovascular system is derived from (3)

A
  • splanchnic mesenchyme
  • paraxial and lateral mesoderm
  • neural crest cells
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3
Q

what specifically forms the primordial for the heart

A

splanchnic mesenchyme

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4
Q

when do the angioblastic cords appear

A

day 18

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5
Q

the angioblastic cords are primordial for what

A

heart

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6
Q

what do the angioblastic cords do during embryonic folding

A

they fuse together and form a single heart tube

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7
Q

when does the heart begin to beat?

A

22 to 23 days

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8
Q

in week 4 how many veins drain into the tubular heart

A

4

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9
Q

what are the 3 veins that drain into the tubular heart in week 4

A
  • vitelline veins
  • umbilical veins
  • common cardinal veins
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10
Q

what vein returns poorly oxygenated blood from umbilical vesicle

A

vitelline veins

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11
Q

what vein carries well oxygenated blood from the chorion or primordial placenta

A

umbilical veins

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12
Q

what vein returns poorly oxygenated blood from the body of the embryo

A

common cardinal veins

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13
Q

what do the vitelline veins follow into the embryo

A

ompalogenteric duct

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14
Q

what does the yolk stalk connect (ompalogenteric)

A

the midgut and the umbilical vesicle

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15
Q

the venous part of the heart is called

A

sinus venosus

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16
Q

which vitelline vein degenerates

A

the left one

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17
Q

what does the right vitelline vein form

A

most of the hepatic portal system and the IVC

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18
Q

what do the umbilical vein carry from the placenta to the sinus venosus

A

well oxygenated blood

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19
Q

what week does the right umbilical vein disappear

A

week 7

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20
Q

where does the ductus venosus develop and what does it connect?

A

develops in the liver and connects umbilical vein to the IVC

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21
Q

what forms a bypass through the liver so that most of the blood that goes from the placenta passes directly to the heart without passing through the liver

A

ductus venosus

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22
Q

what are the main venous drainage of the embryo

A

the cardianl veins

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23
Q

what joins together to form the common cardinal veins and eneter the sinus venosus

A

the anterior and posterior cardinal veins

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24
Q

what are the four main segments of the IVC

A
  • hepatic segment
  • prerenal sengment
  • renal segment
  • postrenal segment
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25
Q

which IVC segment is derived from hepatic vein

A

hepatic segment

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26
Q

which segment of IVC comes from subcardinal vein

A

prerenal segment

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27
Q

what is derived from subcardinal-supracardinal anastomosis

A

renal segment

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28
Q

what is derived from supracardinal vein

A

postrenal segment

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29
Q

what is the most common anomaly of the IVC

A

for the abdominal course to be interrupted and this results in the drainage of the limbs through the azygos and hemiazygous

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30
Q

the azygous and hemiazygous act as a what to the right atrium?

A

an alternate path for blood

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31
Q

what is anomaly of the SVC

A

double SVC and left SVC

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32
Q

in double SVC anomalies where does the left SVC open into

A

the right atrium through the coronary sinus

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33
Q

when there is a LCVC why does it occur

A

because the left anterior cardinal vein persists and it makes a SVC on the left side

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34
Q

left umbilical vein turns into what

A

ligamentum teres

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35
Q

what is the primodrial mycardium formed from

A

splanchnic mesoderm that surrounds the pericardial coelom

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36
Q

what does the endothelial lining of the heart become

A

the endocardium

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37
Q

epicardium is also what

A

visceral pericardium

38
Q

epicardium derives from what

A

mesothelial cells

39
Q

where do the mesothelial cells arise from and spread over the myocardium forming the epicardium

A

the sinus venosus

40
Q

what are the five dilations on teh heart tube

A
  • truncus arteriosus
  • bulbus cordis
  • primitive ventricle
  • primitive atrium
  • sinus venosus
41
Q

what is it called when the primitive heart rotates to the right

A

dextral looping

42
Q

what is key for the correct venous flow and proper alignment of the atrioventricular canal and the conoventricular canla

A

dextral looping

43
Q

the bulbar and truncal ridges derive from what

A

mesenchymal cells of bulbus cordis

neural crest mesenchyme

44
Q

when does the AP septum form

A

when the bulbar and truncal ridges fuse

45
Q

what does the AP septum divide?

A

the truncus arteriosus and bulbus cordis into aorta and pulmonary trunk

46
Q

what is caused by abnormal neural crest cell migration and results in the partial development of the AP septum

A

persistent truncus arteriosus

47
Q

PTA usually presents with what

A

VSD- ventricular membrane defect

right to left shunting

48
Q

when there is VSD and PTA the newborn is usually what

A

cyanotic

49
Q

what happens in D-Transposition of the great arteries (complete)

A

this is when the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle (incompatible with life)

50
Q

when is D-transposition of the great arteries compatible with life

A

only if there is VSD (open fossa ovalis)

51
Q

L-Transpostion of the great vessels (corrected)?

A

this is when the aorta and the pulmonary trunk are switched and so are the ventricles

52
Q

what results in a pulmonary trunk with a small diameter and the aorta has a large diameter

A

TF (Tetralogy of Fallot)

53
Q

what is TF ( and everything else caused by)

A

abnormal nerual crest cell migration

54
Q

pulmonary stenosis
VSD
dextrapostion of the aorta
right ventricular hypertrophy are also signs of what

A

TF (tetralogy of Fallot

55
Q

why is TF marked by cyanosis

A

because there is right to left shunting due to a VSD

56
Q

when does the SA node develop near the entrance of the SVC

A

week 5

57
Q

what forms from cells of the sinus venosus that incorporate into the ventricle

A

av node and his bundle

58
Q

what works as the pacemaker of the heart

A

av, sa nodes and av bundle of his

59
Q

sa and av nodes stimulate what

A

myocardium

60
Q

the fossa ovales is the opening between what and what

A

upper and lower limbs of the septum secundum

61
Q

where does the septum secundum form

A

the right of the septum primum

62
Q

when does the fossa ovalis close in babies

A

when there is a decrease in the pressure in the right atria because there is an occlusion of the placenta circulation

pressure in the left atria increase because of pulmonary venous return

(once the lungs start working)

63
Q

what is the most common ASD ( atrial septum defect) and describe it

A

foramen Secundum Defect

caused by excessive resorption of septum primum, secundum, or both

there is an openning between right and left atria

64
Q

what is the defect called that occurs when there is only a formation of one atrium

A

common atrium ( Cor Triloculare Biventriculare)

65
Q

premature closure of the fossa ovales in prenatal life leads too.

A

hypertrophy of the right side of the heart and the underdevelopment of the left side of the heart

66
Q

what approaches each other to form the AP septum?

A

the dorsal and ventral AV cushions

67
Q

when the dorsal and ventral AV cushions fail to form what happens

(persistent common AV canal)

A

there will be a large hole in the center of the heart, this will make the tricuspid and mitral valve will be one common valve

68
Q

What is Ebsteins Anomaly?

A

this is when the posterior and septal leaflets of the tricuspid valve do not attach to the annulus fibrosus, so they are displaced interiorly into the right ventricle

the right ventricle is then divided into a large upper “atrialized” portion and a small lower functional portion

69
Q

Tricuspid Atresia (hypoplastic right heart) what is this?

A

this is when there is complete agenesis of the tricuspid valve so there is no communication between the right atria and the right ventricle

Cyanosis will be present

70
Q

what grows in the floor of the primitive ventricle and expands to the av cushions

A

muscular IV septum

71
Q

what are the three things that proliferate and fuse to form the membraneous IV septum

A
  • right bulbar ridge
  • left bulbar ridge
  • AV cushion
72
Q

what is the most common type of VSD

A

membranous VSD

73
Q

what is caused by the faulty fusion of the right bulbar ridge, left bulbar ridge, and av cushions

this will also have large right to left shunting of blood and increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension

A

membranous VSD

74
Q

what is caused by single or multiple perforations in the muscular IV septum

A

Muscular VSD

75
Q

what is caused by the failure of the membraneous and muscular IV septa to form

A

common ventricle (Cor Triloculare Biatriatum)

76
Q

coarctation of the aorta

A

this is when the aorta is constricted

77
Q

postductal coarctation

A

this is when there is constriction found after the ductus arteriosus

78
Q

postductal coarction is associated with what

A

increased blood pressure in upper limbs, lack of pulse in femoral artery

79
Q

preductal coarctation is when

A

there is a constriction located superior to the ductus arteriosus

80
Q

what is it called when there is a vascular ring around the trachea and esophagus and this ring results from failure of the right aorta to disappear

A

double paryngeal Arch Artery

81
Q

what is right arch of the aorta

A

when the entore right dorsal aorta persists and the left one degenerates

82
Q

retroesophageal right arch may do what

A

cause difficulties in swallowing or breathing

83
Q

where is the ductus arteriosus a connection between

A

the left pulmonary artery and the aorta

84
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosus

A

when there is failure of the ductus arteriosus to close

85
Q

maternal rubella is associated with what

A

patent ductus arteriosus

86
Q

infants who are born at high altitudes and have hypoxia and immaturty can have what

A

patent ductus arteriosus

87
Q

left to right shunting of oxygen rich blood from the aorta to the pulmonary circulation is caused by what

A

ductus arterious (patent)

88
Q

how do you treat patent ductus arteriosus

A

prostaglandin synthesis inhibitaors

INDOMETHACIN

89
Q

umbilical veins bring what kind of blood to the baby

A

highly oxygenated blood and it is rich in nutrients

90
Q

what acts as a short cut to the IVC and bypasses the liver

A

ductus venosus

EMBRYO Block 3 (5 decks)

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