Muscular system

Question 1

Skeletal muscles

Answer 1

voluntary muscles are the muscles around the skeleton
We have control over them - consciously controlled
They attach to the skeleton by the tendons
E.g. biceps, triceps, quadriceps

Question 2

Smooth muscles

Answer 2

unconsciously controlled
They are controlled by the nervous system
Control body functions such as the movement of food and blood
E.g. bladder, stomach, blood vessels

Question 3

Cardiac muscles

Answer 3

Unconsciously controlled
Doesn’t fatigue
Only found in the walls of the heart
Cardiac muscles help circulate blood through and out of the heart

Question 4

Synergists

Answer 4

Work together to enable the agonist to operate more effectively. They work with agonists to control and direct movement by modifying or altering the direction of the pull on the agonist to the most advantageous position.

Question 5

Fixators

Answer 5

muscles stop any unwanted movement throughout the whole body by fixing or stabilising the joint or joints involved. Fixator muscles stabilise the origin so that the agonist can achieve maximum and effective contraction.

Question 6

Concentric muscle contractions

Answer 6

the muscle contractions and shortens, positive phase of the muscle contraction

Question 7

Eccentric muscle contractions

Answer 7

The muscle interacts and lengthens, this often occurs when the muscle is controlled a movement due to a load or gravity, negative phase of the muscle contraction

Question 8

Isometric

Answer 8

the muscle contracts but here is little or no movement, muscle doesn’t shorten or lengthen

Question 9

Type I

Answer 9

Force of contraction - low
Speed of contraction - slow
Resistance to fatigue - high
Aerobic and anaerobic - aerobic

Question 10

Type IIA

Answer 10

Force of contraction - high
Speed of contraction - medium
Resistance to fatigue - moderate
Aerobic and anaerobic - both

Question 11

Type IIX

Answer 11

Force of contraction - very high
Speed of contraction - fast
Resistance to fatigue - low
Aerobic and anaerobic - anaerobic

Question 12

The all or none law

Answer 12

Impulses are sent to the motor neurones. The motor neuron is attached to a number of muscle fibres in the muscle. These are called the motor unit. The muscle fibres will be the same. When the motor neurone receive a signal to contract, all the fibres attached will contract.

Question 13

Increased blood supply

Answer 13

blood carries oxygen, and is needed for energy, when exercising oxygen and glucose demand increases, blood vessels expand or get wider to allow more blood, vasodilation, blood increases significantly to ensure that working muscles are supplied with oxygen they need as well as to remove waste products

Question 14

Increased in muscle temperature

Answer 14

exercise produces heat, you need more energy for your muscles, more heat is being produced, amount of heat produced in direct relation to the amount of work they perform, warm-up muscles for exercise by slowly increasing the temperature

Question 15

increased muscle pliability

Answer 15

the warming up muscles during exercise activity makes them more pliable and flexible, less likely to suffer from injury like muscle strains, improve joint flexibility as warm and pliable muscles are able to stretch further

Question 16

Lactate accumulation

Answer 16

burning sensation in muscles during high intensity exercise, build up of lactic acid which is waste products such produced using anaerobic exercise, build up in muscle tissue will result in rapid fatigue and will impede muscular contraction if not removed

Question 17

microtears

Answer 17

when weight training your muscles are put under stress to the point that tiny tear occurs, swelling in the muscle tissue which causes pressure and nerve ending in pain, training improvements will only be made I the body has rest and time to repair these micro tears making the muscle stronger than it was before

Question 18

delayed onset of muscle soreness DOMS

Answer 18

Is the pain felt in uncles 24-48 hours after taking part in strenuous exercise, the soreness usually occurs at least a day after exercise and can last up to 3 days, caused by the micro tears that occur when you exercise, eccentric muscle contraction

Question 19

Hypertrophy

Answer 19

regular resistance training where the muscles are overloaded will increase muscle size and strength, increase in muscle size is a result of the muscle fibres becoming larger due to increases in protein in the muscle cells, increase overtime so they can contract with greater force

Question 20

increased tendon strength

Answer 20

tendons are tough bands of fibrous connective tissue deigned to withstand tension, muscles, tendons adapt to the overloading of equals exercise, ligaments and tendons the connective tissue strengthens around joints will increase in flexibility and strength with regular exercise

Question 21

increase in mitochondria

Answer 21

tiny structures responsible for aerobic energy production, increased fibre size, larger mitochondria so muscles are able to produce more aerobic energy which will improve aerobic performance

Question 22

Increase in myoglobin

Answer 22

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Question 23

increase in glycogen store

Answer 23

as your body adapts to long term exercise your muscles are able to store more glycogen, ables you to train for longer as muscle glycogen doesn’t require oxygen to produce energy

Question 24

improved use of energy sources

Answer 24

experienced athletes are able to use fats more efficiently, breaking them down into fatty acids and energy for oxygen, enables them to use fats as energy source when carbs are scarce, muscles get better at breaking down glycogen so you can exercise at higher intensities

Question 25

increased tolerance to lactic acid

Answer 25

anaerobic training stimulates the muscles to become better able to tolerate lactic acid and clear it away efficiently, increasing the body ability to work harder for longer without fatiguing, increase in the body’s maximal oxygen consumption, due to aerobically for longer therefore not producing laced acid

Question 26

age

Answer 26

muscle mass decreases as you get older, muscles become smaller and reduce in strength and power

Question 27

cramp

Answer 27

Involuntary contraction, muscle spasm and tightening of the muscle fibres can be painful and can be prompted by exercise, lower leg, few seconds up to 10 minutes, dehydration - inadequate supply of oxygen and essential minerals, drink plenty of fluid during exercise, hot weather, stretching, lengthening muscle fibres and improves flexibility