Cardiovascular system Flashcards
Vena cava
Transports deoxygenated blood from the body to the right atrium
Septum
a wall that separates the left from the right side of the heart
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart, have thick muscular walls, elastic walls, high blood pressure, oxygenated
Veins
Carry blood towards heart, thin muscular walls, elastic walls, low pressure, deoxygenated
Capillaries
very thin, small lumen, allows gaseous exchange
Arterioles and venules
similar to arteries but have thinner walls and can change the diameter to control the blood tot he capillaries, connect capillaries to veins and similar to veins
Red blood cells
carries oxygen, binds with protein called haemoglobin, transported to working muscles, large surface area - dome shape
White blood cells
Help protect the body from fighting infections, destroy and remove pathogens, originate in bone marrow and stored in blood
Plasma
liquid part of the blood
transports the blood cells, platelets and nutrients to different parts of the body
is 90% water
Platelets
help prevent bleeding by clotting and forming a plug
allow performers such as boxers to stop bleeding if they get a cut, allowing them to continue
delivering oxygen and nutrients - functions
CV system delivers nutrient and oxygen to the tissue of the body, during exercise the demand for oxygen increases, the blood will delivered this oxygen
Removing waste products - functions
removes carbon dioxide, removes lactic acid, transports waste products to kidneys and liver, returns carbon dioxide to the lungs, during exercise lactate and carbon dioxide increases
fight infection - functions
produce in bone marrow, stored in the blood, ingest pathogens and destroy them, produces antibodies that destroy pathogens
clotting of blood - functions
gather together and plug the wound to stop bleeding
thermoregulation
maintains body temperature and ensures you font overheat, vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Vasodilation
dilate to increase the blood flow resulting in a decrease in temperature as heat is carried to the skin surface
vasoconstriction
constrict to reduce the blood flow resulting in increase in temperature as heat loss is prevented
SA node
Often called the hearts pacemaker. Sends an impulse to the right atrium causing the muscular walls to contract. The contraction forces blood from the atrium down into the ventricles.
AV node
Located between the atria and the ventricles. Acts as a buffer that slows down the signal from the SAN/slows down the impulse of blood. Otherwise the atria and ventricles would contract at the same time. This allows the ventricles to fill with blood before contraction.
Bundle of his & purkinje fibres
Specialised muscle cell that transports the impulses from the AVN. Found in the walls of the ventricles. Travels down the bundle of his to the purkinje fibres. Allow ventricles to contract causing the blood to the pushed out of the heart.
Response - anticipatory rise in heart rate
increased heart rate prior to sports match due to release of adrenaline, prepares your body for the increase in demand
response - increased heart rate
due to rise in carbon dioxide picked up by the chemoreceptors and is needed due to the increase in demand for oxygen
response - increased heart rate - equation
cardiac output = stroke volume X heart rate
response - increased blood pressure
Blood pressure is the pressure of the blood against the walls of your arteries
Fraction of blood pressure
120/80
systolic
top number, pressure on your arteries wall when the heart contracts
diastolic
bottom number, pressure on your arteries when the heart relaxes
redirection of blood
redirected to where it needs it the most e.g. working muscles, Vasodilation and vasoconstriction, this allows extra blood flow, exercise blood is not needed for the digestive system blood flow is redirected by vasoconstriction
Adaptations - cardiac hypertrophy
where the walls of the heart are thicket and increases the strength of the hearts contractions
adaptations - increased in resting and working stroke volume
cardiac hypertrophy means the heart can pump more blood per beat and more blood means more oxygen can be transported to the working muscles
Adaptions - Decreased in resting heart rate
Heart is bigger and can pump more blood per beat, the heart doesn’t have to work as hard which results in a reduced resting heart rate
adaptations - reductions in blood pressure
training reduces blood pressure and reduces risk of disease and stroke volume and exercise keeps blood vessels healthy
adaptations - reduction in heart rate and recovery time
heart is bigger it can pump blood at an increased rate during and after exercise, decreases recovery time and removes waste products faster
adaptations - capillarisation of skeletal muscle and alveoli
exercise increased the capillarisation both around the muscle and the alveoli, more oxygen And nutrition can be diffused into the blood from aveoli into muscles
adaptations - increase in blood volume
increases blood volume this is mainly due to capillarisation through training, allows more oxygen and nutrients to be delivered, regulates temperature more efficiently
Additional factors - sudden arrhythmic death syndrome SADS
Heart condition that can cause sudden death, usually caused by irregular heat beats, no clear symptoms
additional factors - high and low blood pressure
Blood pressure is pressure exerted on arteries, high blood pressure can risk factor from heart disease or stroke, low blood pressure can be dangerous, dizziness, light headedness, nausea and fainting
high blood pressure
hypertension
low blood pressure
hypotension
hypothermia
drop in core body temperature below 35 degrees, can occur when cold and wet conditions for long period
hyperthermia
increase in core body temperature, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, or heat stroke, lose heat through thermoregulation, drink water before and after especially in hot conditions
Sympathies nervous system
prepares the body for intense physical activity and is often referred to as the fight or flight response
Parasympathetic nervous system
relaxes the body and inhibits or slows many high energy functions, slows the heart down after exercise, this is oftern referred to as the rest and digest response
