Energy systems Flashcards
ATP
adenosine tri-phosphate, needed for muscular contraction, without would be no energy for movement, stored in the muscles, 3 seconds recharged
how it releases energy
ATP releases energy by breaking a bond between phosphates, energy is released when broken
ADP
adenosine di-phosphate, when ATP loses a phosphate
how ATP works like a rechargeable battery
ATP can be resynthesized if a phosphate is added to ADP it forms back into ATP, working like a rechargeable battery
ATP-PC
Left ADP, resynthesise ADP to ATP, high energy compounds = creating phosphate, creating phosphate bond broken when split through enzyme called creatine kinase, phosphate rejoins to ADP = ATP, 10 seconds to recover 1:10
ATP-PC good for which exercise
short high intensity exercise
Lactate system
used when the ATP-PC systems begins to fade, this system breaks down glycogen without the use of oxygen = anaerobic glycolysis, glycogen is stored in the liver and muscle cells, when we break down a molecule of glycogen it produces 2 ATP, it also produces pyruvate acid that is converted to the lactic acid, the system gives us between one and two minutes of intense exercise, it takes 8 minutes to recover from the lactate system, in this time the lactic acid is removed and glycogen stores are replaced
Aerobic energy system - stage 1 - anaerobic glycolysis
Glycogen is broken down through the process of aerobic glycolysis, this produces 2 ATP and pyruvic acid
stage 2 - kerb cycle
the pyruvic acid enters the kerb cycle, it is converted to citric acid, it is broken down into the use of oxygen and produces 2 ATP, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released
stage 3 - electron transport train
hydrogen enters the electron transport chain, links with the hydrogen acceptor, hydrogen forms with oxygen to produce 34 ATP, water is produced
aerobic system produces
38 ATP in total
increase in creatine stores
more creatine means that you can exercise the ATP-PC energy system for longer higher intense, fast and powerful exercise
increased tolerance to lactic acid
lactic acid is a waste product from the lactate system, lactic acid makes the muscle feel fatigued, a tolerance to lactic acid will allow the muscles to work for longer without getting fatigued.
Improved aerobic energy system
adaptations to the cardiovascular and respiratory system will improve the aerobic system as it will allow increased oxygen delivery to the working muscles
to use fat as an energy source
training increased tolerance the ability to use fats as an energy source this helps the aerobic system
Increase in glycogen stores
an increase in glycogen stores will benefit both the lactic acid and aerobic energy systems as it provides extra fuel
increased mitochondria
aerobic respiration happens inside mitochondria, the more mitochondria the more oxygen can be used for an energy source
diabetes
is the body’s inability to regulate the amount of glucose in the blood due to lack of insulin function, insulin is the hormone that allows glucose to enter cells so it can be used for energy, diabetes impacts on the amount of energy we can use from carbs
type 1
where the body is unable to produce insulin, as the body cannot use glucose for energy it looks else where such as fats and proteins, energy production would be limited to the ATP-PC system without the use of insulin injections/pump
type 2
this is a common form of diabetes, it is developed when not enough insulin is produced by the body, this can often be controlled with the diet
hypoglycaemic
this is when the blood sugar is low, it occurs when someone misses a meal, takes too much insulin or exercises too hard, people with diabetes must monitor glucose levels before and after exercise
symptoms of hypoglycaemic
feeling hungry, trembling, shakiness, sweating, confusion
hyperglycaemic
this is when the blood sugar is too high, it can occur if someone eats too much or misses insulin injections
symptoms of hyperglycaemic
thirst, hunger, tiredness, blurred vision
