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BPK Modules 7-12 > Muscular system > Flashcards

Muscular system Flashcards

1
Q

When do you use muscles

A

All the time

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2
Q

Types of muscle tissue

A

skeletal, cardiac and smooth

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3
Q

The main function of the muscle system

A

Movement of the body, maintenance of posture, respiration, production of body heat, communication, constriction of organs and vessels, contractions of the heart

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4
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

long, cylindrical muscles attached to the bones that allow for voluntary and involuntary movement

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5
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Spindle-shaped muscles that moves food through the digestive track, empties the bladder, regulates blood vessel diameter and contracts glands

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6
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Branched muscles of the heart that contracts to pump blood

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7
Q

Contractility

A

the muscle’s ability to forcefully shorten or passively lengthen

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8
Q

Skeletal muscle contraction

A

movement

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9
Q

Cardiac muscle contraction

A

increases pressure in heart

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10
Q

Smooth muscle contraction

A

increases organ pressure

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11
Q

Excitability

A

muscles responding to stimulus

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12
Q

Skeletal muscle excitability

A

stimulus to contract comes from nerves

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13
Q

Smooth and cardiac muscle excitability

A

respond to hormonal and neural signals, but also contract spontaneously

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14
Q

Extensibility

A

stretching a muscle beyond it’s normal resting length without breaking and being able to function

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15
Q

Elasticity

A

muscle recoiling

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16
Q

Striated muscle

A

another name for skeletal muscle because of transverse bands that can be seen under a microscope

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17
Q

What is skeletal muscle made of

A

skeletal muscle tissue, nervous tissue, connective tissue, and adipose tissue

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18
Q

muscle fiber

A

a muscle cell

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19
Q

Layers of connective tissue

A

epimysium, perimysium, endomysium

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20
Q

Epimysium

A

connective tissue sheath made of protein fibers that surround the muscle that separate and connect it to the skin and other organs

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21
Q

perimysium

A

connective tissue that serves as a passage way for blood vessels and nerves, and subdivies the muscle

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22
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of muscle fibers

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23
Q

endomysium

A

delicate layer of connective tissue that separates each individual muscle fiber in the fascicles

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24
Q

Tendons

A

ends of connective tissues that connect the muscle to bone

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25
Q

Sarcolemma

A

cell membrane of muscle fibers

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26
Q

transverse tubules (t tubules)

A

carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber

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27
Q

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

specialized smooth ER that stores Ca+.

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28
Q

Ca+ function

A

the release of Ca+ charges the triad and causes contraction

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29
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle fiber

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30
Q

Myofibrils

A

bundles of protein filaments that extend the length of the muscle fiber and cause shortening during contraction

31
Q

Myofilaments

A

protein thread that help myofibrils

32
Q

Actin myofilaments

A

thin filaments

33
Q

myosin myofilaments

A

thick filaments

34
Q

sarcomeres

A

functional units of skeletal muscles that are made of myofilaments and join to for myofibrils

35
Q

Z disks

A

anchor for myofilaments

36
Q

I bands

A

two lighter-staining regions that extend to the ends of the myosin myofilaments and only contain actin myofilaments

37
Q

A bands

A

darker-staining band that contains both actin and myosin myofilaments

38
Q

H zone

A

center of an A band that is only made of myosin myofilaments

39
Q

M line

A

protein filaments that hold the myosin myofilaments in place in the center of the H zone

40
Q

Actin

A

an attachment site on the actin myofilaments of the myosin myofilaments during contraction

41
Q

tropomyosin

A

covers for the attachment sites on the actin that must be moved for muscle contraction

42
Q

Troponin

A

anchors the troponin to the actin
prevents tropomyosin from uncovering
binds to Ca 2+

43
Q

myosin molecules heads function

A

1) heads biind to active sites on actin molecules to contract
2) heads are attached to rod portion that bends and straightens during contraction
3) heads break down ATP for energy

44
Q

Neuromuscular junction (synapse)

A

point of contact between nerve and muscle fiber

45
Q

Acetylcholine

A

opens ligand-gated ion channels

45
Q

Acetylcholine

A

opens ligand-gated ion channels

46
Q

ligand

A

molecule that binds to a macromolecule

47
Q

Sliding filament model

A

used to explain how actin and myosin myofilaments slide over each other during muscle contraction

48
Q

resting membrane potential

A

charge difference across a resting cell

49
Q

Action potential of a muscle cell

A
  1. when stimulated Na+ channels open and makes the cell positive
  2. Action potential is triggerd
  3. Depolarization phase
  4. permeability changes causes repolarization
    5.Na + channels close and K+ channels open so K + can leave
  5. resting membrane potential is restored by sodium-potassium pump
50
Q

Neurotransmitter junction actions

A
  1. action potential opens the Ca2+ channel and diffuse into the axon terminal
  2. Ca2+ causes the secretion of vesicles
  3. Acetylcholine is released
  4. Acetylcholine bind to Na+ channels in the muscle membrane
  5. Na+ enters muscle and causes action potential in muscle
51
Q

Muscle contraction

A
  1. action potential from Na + travels along sarcolemma and t tubule
  2. t tubules wrap around sarcomeres and carry action potentials to Ca 2+ channels
  3. Ca 2+ channels open and diffuse into the sarcoplasmic reticulum then to the sarcoplasm
  4. Ca2+ binds to troponin
  5. Troponin causes tropomyosin to move
  6. myosin heads bind to exposed actin
  7. ATP is broken down to move myosin heads
52
Q

Myosin head movement(cross-bridge movement)

A
  1. myosin attaching to actin forms cross-bridges
  2. triggers rapid movement of myosin heads
  3. myosin myofilament is pulled towards the H zone
  4. Myofilaments slide
  5. ATP binds to the myosin head and detaches it
  6. Myosin head breaks down ATP into ADP
  7. Head returns to resting position
53
Q

Recovery stroke

A

myosin head returning to resting position

54
Q

Muscle relaxation

A
  1. Sodium-potassium pump transports Na+ out of the muscle fiber and K+ in
  2. recovery stroke
  3. ATP transports Ca2+ out
55
Q

Slow-twitch

A

muscle fibers that contract slowly and are resistant to fatigue. They break down ATP slowly and have more mitochondria

56
Q

Fast-twitch

A

muscle fiber that contract quickly and are prone to fatigue

57
Q

Fast-twitch muscle fiber forms

A

Type 2a: rely on ATP production with and without O2
Type 2b: rely on ATP without O2

58
Q

Separation of Slow and Fast twitch muscle fibers

A

Fast-twitch have very little dark-coloured myoglobin and slow-twitch are darker in colour, but humans have no clear separation of the two.

59
Q

Effects of training

A

increase the size and capacity of both types of muscle fibres, increase vascularity, increases the number of motor units, improved metabolism, circulation, and number of capillaries

60
Q

hypertrophie

A

muscles that increase in size with use

61
Q

atrophie

A

muscles that decrease in size with use

62
Q

autorhythmicly

A

the capacity of the smooth and cardiac muscles to generate action potentials spontaneously

63
Q

intercalated disks

A

found in the gap of cardiac muscles, they allow action potentials to be conducted directly from cell to cell, so the cardiac muscle cells act as one unit

64
Q

Cardiac muscle hormone

A

epinephrine

65
Q

Retinaculum

A

dense regular connective tissue sheath holding down tendons in the wrist and ankle

66
Q

origin

A

the fixed point of a muscle

67
Q

insertion

A

end of the muscle attached to the bone that moves

68
Q

belly

A

part of the muscle between the origin and insertion

69
Q

agonist and antagonist muscles

A

when one muscle group is activated there is a counter muscle group also being activated

70
Q

prime mover

A

the muscle that does the desired action

71
Q

Muscle naming system

A

1 location
2 size
3 shape
4 orientation of fascicles
5 origin and insertion
6 number of heads
7 function

72
Q

Fascicle arrangements

A

circular, convergent, parallel, pennate, fusiform

BPK Modules 7-12 (7 decks)

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