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BPK Modules 7-12 > Circulatory system > Flashcards

Circulatory system Flashcards

1
Q

Blood functions

A
  1. Transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products
  2. Transport of molecules
  3. Transport of regulatory molecules
  4. regulation of pH, osmosis, and body temperature
  5. Protection
  6. Clot formation
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2
Q

Plasma

A

liquid matrix that contrains blood cells and other things being transported

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3
Q

formed elements

A

cells in the blood stream

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4
Q

Plasma elements

A

proteins, ions, nutrients, waste products, gases, hormones, and water

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5
Q

Formed elements elements

A

platelets, white blood cells, red blood cells

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6
Q

Plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen

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7
Q

Albumin

A

prevents fluid from leaking out of blood vessels

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8
Q

globulins

A

part of the immune system and transport molecules

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9
Q

Fibrinogen

A

a clotting factor

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10
Q

Serum

A

plasma without clotting factors

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10
Q

Serum

A

plasma without clotting factors

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11
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the process that produces formed elements

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12
Q

Red blood cell making

A
  1. Hematopoietic stem cell
  2. Myeloid stem cell
  3. Proerythroblast
  4. Early erythroblast
  5. Intermediate erythroblast
  6. late erythroblast
  7. Reticulocyte
  8. Red blood cell
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13
Q

Red blood cells

A

the most abundant substance in the formed elements that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide

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14
Q

Red blood cells shape

A

biconcave disk that increases surface area for more gas exchange they can also decrease in size to more easily pass through capillaries

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

where red blood cells exchange gases

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16
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a red protein that binds to oxygen and co2 for transport in red blood cells

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17
Q

Oxygen transport

A
  1. O2 enters red blood cell
    2.
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18
Q

Hemoglobin structure

A

Four protein chains called globin are each bound to one heme group. Each heme contains one iron atom which attaches to O2.

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19
Q

Red blood cell colour

A

When hemoglobin is bound to O2 it is bright red. When it does not have oxygen it is a dark red.

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20
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

an enzyme found in red blood cells that catalyzes the reaction between carbon dioxide and water to create bicarbonate and then the bicarbonate can be transported by the blood

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21
Q

ways of transporting co2

A

Turing it into bicarbonate, binding it to protiens and dissoliving in plasma

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22
Q

Proerythroblasts

A

the stem cell that creates red blood cells

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23
Q

When does red blood cells lose their nucleus

A

during the late erythroblast stage

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24
Q

What signals the creation of red blood cells

A

low blood O2 levels due to decreased number of red blood cells, lung issues, hemoglobin issues, and issues in blood transport

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25
Q

erythropoietin

A

a glycoprotein that stimulates red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells

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26
Q

how are red blood cells disposed?

A

macrophage breaks down hemoglobin > globin is broken into amino acids > iron is released from heme group > heme molecules are converted to bilirubin > bilirubin is excreted

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27
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

systems of blood vessels that carry blood from the right ventrile to the lungs and back to the left atrium

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28
Q

systemic circulation

A

blood vessels that carry blood from the left ventrile to the body and back to the right atrium

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29
Q

heart functions

A

generating blood pressure, routing blood, ensuring one way flow, and regulating blood supply

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30
Q

apex

A

point of the heart

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31
Q

base

A

flat end of the heart

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32
Q

pericaridal cavity

A

heart cavity

33
Q

pericardium layers

A

fibrous pericardium (outer layer), serous pericardium (inner layer with two parts(parietal and visceral))

34
Q

paricardial fluid

A

thin layer of protective fluid around the heart

35
Q

Four chambers of the heart

A

right and left atrium and the right and left ventricle

36
Q

Artiums

A

Function as resovoirs for blood before it enters the ventricles. The right recieves blood from the superior vena cava, the inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus

37
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separtates the two atriums

38
Q

Interventricual septum

A

separates the two ventricles

39
Q

Atrioventricular valve (AV)

A

valves that open into the ventrical to prevent blood back flow.
It works by the ventricles contracting causing blood to flow up and the valves to close. When the atrium has higher pressure it opens the valves.

40
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

a valve composed of three cusps that open into the right ventricle

41
Q

bicuspid valve

A

a valve composed of two cusps that open into the left ventricle

42
Q

papillary muscles

A

muscular pillars which the chordae tendineae attach

43
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

heart strings that open and close the AV when the ventricles contract

44
Q

Semilunar valve

A

one of two valves that prevent blood flow into the ventricles following ejection

45
Q

pulmonary semilunar valve

A

valve that prevents backflow into the right ventricle

46
Q

aortic semilunar valve

A

valve that prevents backflow into the left ventricle

47
Q

cardiac skeleton

A

fibrous rings that surround the vavlues and give them support

48
Q

Route of blood flow in the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium from the superior and inferior vena cava > blood goes through the tricupid valve into the right ventricle > right atrial contracts and causes the right ventricle to also contract > blood flows to lungs > Blood is oxygenated > Blood enters the left atrium > left atrium contracts causing the left ventricle to also contract > blood leaves via aorta.

49
Q

coronary arteries

A

supply the heart with blood

50
Q

heart wall composition

A

Epicardium (outersurface)
myocardium (middle layer) - contractions
Endocardium (innerlayer) - blood to heart

51
Q

Trabeculae carneae

A

cardiac muscle iin the ventricles of the inner layer

52
Q

Heart signaling

A
  1. Heart is at rest
  2. Cardiac muscles are stimulated by action potentionals
  3. cardiac muscles in the artial contract
  4. cardiac muscles in the ventrical are stimulated second
  5. cardiac muscles in the ventrical contract
53
Q

action potental of skeletal muscle

A

a very quick depolarization that causes a spike in tension

54
Q

action potental of cardiac muscle

A

quick depolarization followed by a plateau that causes elongated tension

55
Q

Path way of action potentials

A
  1. SA node sends a signal to the left and right atrium causing a contraction and the AV node
  2. AV node spreads the action potential through the AV bundle
  3. The AV bundles become Purkinje fibers and extend to the ventricle walls causing a contraction
56
Q

Ectopic beat

A

when something other then the SA node starts the action potential

57
Q

fibrillation

A

a condition that causes irregular heart beat due to ectopic beats

58
Q

electrocardiogram

A

a recording to the action potentials of a heart

59
Q

cardiac cycle

A

repetitive pumping of the heart
1. blood flows into atria
2. atiral systole causes atrium to contract
3. Verticular systole contraction pushes blood towards the atrium causing the valves to close
4. increasing pressure pushes blood out of the heart
5. ventricular diastole relaxes the heart.

59
Q

cardiac cycle

A

repetitive pumping of the heart
1. blood flows into atria
2. atiral systole causes atrium to contract
3. Verticular systole contraction pushes blood towards the atrium causing the valves to close
4. increasing pressure pushes blood out of the heart
5. ventricular diastole relaxes the heart.

60
Q

Circulatory system functions

A

carry blood, transport, regulate blood pressure, blood flow to tissues, exchange

61
Q

pulmonary vessels

A

vessels that carry blood to the lungs

62
Q

systemic vessels

A

transport blood to the body

63
Q

capillaries

A

where nutrient and gas exchange occur

64
Q

Veins

A

carries blood towards the heart after gas exchange and contain valves to prevent blood back flow

65
Q

tunica intima

A

inner layer of blood vessles

66
Q

Tunica media

A

middle layer of blood vessles

67
Q

tunica adventitia

A

the outer dense layer of blood vessels

68
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

the largest arteries with the thickest walls that stretch from blood pressure

69
Q

Muscular arteries

A

control blood flow to different regions of the body.

70
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

contraction of the muscular arteries to decrease blood flow

71
Q

Vasodilation

A

muscular arteries relax to increase blood flow

72
Q

arteries

A

carry blood away from the heart

73
Q

Arterioles

A

takes the blood to the capillaries and only have one or two layers

74
Q

precapillary sphincters

A

smoother muscles that can cut off blood flow to certrain capillary routes

75
Q

Vennules

A

the smallest veins that attach to capillaries

76
Q

Blood pressure

A

the force of blood against the blood vessel walls

77
Q

Systolic pressure

A

the maximum value of blood pressure

78
Q

diastolic pressure

A

the minimal value of blood pressure

79
Q

Baroreceptor reflex

A

A decrease in blood pressure is snesed by the baroreceptors. Signal is sent to the medulla. sympathetic division increases heart rate. Epinephrine cuase vessel constriction

BPK Modules 7-12 (7 decks)

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