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BPK Modules 7-12 > Digestive system > Flashcards

Digestive system Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive system functions

A
  1. Ingestion and mastication(chewing)
  2. Propulsion and mixing
  3. Digestion and secretion
  4. absorption
  5. elimination
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2
Q

Digestive track

A

The path that food takes to be turned into energy or excreted

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3
Q

Associated organs

A
  1. salivary glands
  2. liver
  3. pancreas
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4
Q

Main organs

A
  1. oral cavity
  2. pharynx
  3. esophagus
  4. stomach
  5. small and large intestine
  6. Anus
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5
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

protective layer of the mouth

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6
Q

columnar epithelium

A

protects the digestive tract from digestive fluids

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7
Q

Tunic

A

layers of the digestive track

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8
Q

Mucosa

A

inner layer that is made of mucous epithelium, lamina propria, and the muscularis mucosae

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9
Q

Submuscosa

A

second layer of thick loose connective tissue that is activated by the plexus

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10
Q

plexus

A

intertwining blood vessels and nerves

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11
Q

muscularis

A

third layer that is made of circular smooth muscle and longitudinal smooth muscle and combine the a plexus to make the enteric nervous system.

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12
Q

enteric nervous system

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system that focuses on movement through the digestive track

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13
Q

serosa

A

outermost layer of the digestive track that is made of a smooth epithelial layer and connective tissue

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14
Q

adventitia

A

the outside covering of an organ

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15
Q

Peritoneum

A

a smooth covering of the serous membrane around the abdominal cavity and abdominal organs

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16
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

covering that covers the organs

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17
Q

parietal peritoneum

A

covers the walls of the abdominal cavity

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18
Q

Peritonitis

A

inflammation of the peritoneal membranes that results from chemical irritation

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19
Q

mesenteries

A

connective tissue that holds the organs in place and provides a route for blood vessels and nerves

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20
Q

Omental bursa

A

pocketlike sac inside the greater omentum

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21
Q

greater omentum

A

double fold of mesentery that extends from the stomach

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22
Q

retroperitoneal

A

the organs without mesenteries that are along the abdominal wall like descending colon, rectum, kidneys, adrenal gland and urinary bladder

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23
Q

Lips

A

formed by the orbicularis oris muscle that helps orient food for chewing

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24
Q

Cheeks

A

the lateral walls of the oral cavity made by the buccinator muscles that help keep food in place for chewing

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25
Q

mastication

A

scientific term for mechanical digestion or chewing

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26
Q

Tongue

A

A muscle that moves the food around and has taste receptors. It is held in place by the frenulum

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27
Q

Teeth

A

breaks down food and is divided into central, incisors, canine, two molars and wisdom teeth

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28
Q

Tooth regions

A
  1. Crown - part of tooth covered by enamel
  2. neck - connects tooth to gums
  3. Root - contains nerves
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29
Q

Pulp

A

a material of connective tissues, blood vessles, and nerves that fill the pulp cavity in the center of the tooth

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30
Q

Gingiva

A

dense tissue covered by muscular membrane (gums)

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31
Q

Periodontal ligaments

A

secure the teeth

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32
Q

Palate

A

Roof of the oral cavity that separates it from the nasal cavity

33
Q

Hard and soft palate

A

Hard - anterior part that contains bones
soft- posterior part that only has muscle

34
Q

Uvula

A

extension of the soft palate

35
Q

Tonsils

A

lymphoid tissue in the lateral posterior walls of the oral cavity

36
Q

salivary glands

A

three glands that produce saliva to breakdown macromolecules

37
Q

parotid glands

A

located under each ear and their saliva ducts enter the oral cavity next to the second molars

38
Q

submandibular glands

A

producing mucous secretions and is found along the inferior border of the mandible

39
Q

sublingual glands

A

smallest salivatory gland that is found beneath the mucous membrane on the floor of the oral cavity

40
Q

Saliva purpose

A

keep the oral cavity moist, prevent bacterial infections, neutralize pH, prevent ulceration and infection (cavities), begins the process of digestion

41
Q

Saliva enzymes

A

salivary amylase - breaks down starch
Lysozyme - antibacterial
mucus - lubricates food
serous saliva - moistens food and neutralizes pH

42
Q

Pharynx

A

connects the mouth and esophagus

43
Q

Esophagus

A

muscular tube that carries food to the stomach

44
Q

Process of swallowing

A
  1. Voluntary phase - bolus from the mouth leaves by being pushed by the tongue against the hard palate
  2. Pharyhgeal phase - reflexes react to close off the nasopharynx by raising the oropharynx and muscles contract to force the bolus down the pharynx
  3. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx
  4. the esophagus muscles contract in peristaltic waves to push food into stomach
45
Q

Parts of stomach

A

Cardiac part - at the gastro-esophageal opening
fundus - superior to the opening
body - the main part that causes a turn
pyloric - opens into the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine

46
Q

Three layers of the stomach purpose

A

churn the food to mechanically digest it

47
Q

Gastric pits

A

openings for gastric glands

48
Q

types of gastric glands

A

surface mucous cells - inner surface and produce mucus to protect the stomach lining
mucous neck cells - produce mucus
parietal cells - produce hydrochloric acid
endocrine cells -produce regulatory hormones
Chief cells - produce pepsinogen

49
Q

Pepsin

A

a digestive enzyme produced by the stomach and digests protiens

50
Q

Chyme

A

food and stomach secretions

51
Q

Intrinsic factor

A

binds to vitamin B 12 and makes it easier to be absorbed

52
Q

What controls stomach secretions

A

CNS

53
Q

Cephalic phase

A
  1. Taste, smell, or though of food triggers CNS
  2. Vagus nerves carry action potential to stomach
  3. Gastrin and histamine are secreted into blood
  4. Hormones trigger secretions
    (start)
54
Q

Gastric phase

A

1 Distention of stomach
2. secretions stimulated
3. local reflexes,
4. secretions stimulated
(go for it)

55
Q

Intestinal phase

A
  1. Chyme with <2 pH enters stomach
    2.chemoreceptors are stimulated
  2. CNS causes reflexes
  3. secretions inhibited
    (slow down)
56
Q

Duodenum

A

the first division of the small intestine that connects to the stomach, the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct

57
Q

jejunum

A

second part of the small intestine that is the longest part

58
Q

ileum

A

connects to the large intestine

59
Q

Villi

A

projections from the mucous membrane in the small intstine that increases surface area for digestion

60
Q

lacteal

A

blood capillary network in villi that absorbs the nutrients

61
Q

types of cells in small intestine

A

absorptive cells, goblet cells (produce mucus), granular cells, endocrine cells

62
Q

Small intestine enzymes

A

Peptidases - digest protiens
Disaccharidases - digest sugars

63
Q

Hepatic portal vein

A

carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive tract to the liver

64
Q

Haptic veins

A

Where blood exits the liver into the inferior vena cava

65
Q

Hepatic lobules

A

hexagon-shaped regions surrounded by connective tissue that make up the regions of the liver

66
Q

bile

A

fluid secreted from the liver that is stored in the gallbladder and contains salts, pigments, cholesterol, lipid-soluble hormones, lecithin, bicarbonate ions, and fats.

67
Q

Bile movement

A
  1. Exists the liver via the common hepatic duct
  2. The gallbladder on the inferior surface of the liver connects to the cystic duct to take and joins the common hepatic duct to form the common bile duct
  3. Joins pancreatic duct
  4. Open into the duodenal papilla what is regulated by a sphincter
  5. Pancreatic secretions may also enter
68
Q

Functions of the liver

A

Digestion, excretion, nutrient storage, nutrient conversion, detoxification, synthesis of new molecules

69
Q

Bile function

A

neutralize stomach acid and emulsify lipids. Since the pancreas cannot tolerate the pH of stomach acid

70
Q

Bile salts

A

emulsify lipids so lipase can function

71
Q

Liver storage

A

Store lipids, vitamins, copper, iron, sugar as glycogen, and use amino acids to make ATP, by-products of metabolism

72
Q

Liver transformation

A

Transform fats into phospholipids with extra choline and phosphorus. Convert ammonia to urea

73
Q

pancreas

A

extending from the duodenum to the spleen and secreting digestive enzymes to the duodenum and insulin and glucagon

74
Q

Pancreatic islet

A

small glands on the pancreas that produce insulin and glucagon

75
Q

Acini

A

produce digestive enzymes in the pancreas and empty them via the pancreatic duct

76
Q

Pancreatic secretions

A

bicarbonate ions, trypsin(proteins), chymotrypsin (lipids), carboxypeptidase (carbs), nucleases (nucleic acids)

77
Q

Cecum

A

Sac that forms the beginning of the large intestine and connects to the appendix

78
Q

Colon

A

The long tube of the large intestine forms the feces by absorbing water and salts

79
Q

Rectum

A

muscular tube that holds the feces

BPK Modules 7-12 (7 decks)

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