Immunity Flashcards
White blood cells
blood cells without hemoglobin and have a nucleus
Buffy coat
platelets and white blood cells in blood
Ameboid movement
Ameba like movement of white blood cells through the tissues outside of arteries and veins
White blood cell functions
- protect against pathogens
- remove dead cells
Granulocytes
White blood cells with large cytoplasmic granules
Types of granulocytes
neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils
Agranulocytes
white blood cells with small cytoplasmic granules
Neutrophils
white blood cells with granules that can react with acidic and basic dyes and move into other tissues to phagocytize foreign substances
Pus
dead neutrophils
phagocytize
distruction of bacteria by ingesting
Basophils
Stain large cytoplasmic granules with basic purple or blue dyes and function to promote inflammation and clots
Eosinophils
two-lobed nucleus stains red with acidic dies and produces an inflammatory response associated with allergies and asthma and distroy worms
Lymphocytes
smallest white blood cells and produce antibobies and other chemicals
Monocytes
largest white blood cells that leave the blood to become macrophages
macrophages
cells that phagocytize
Three ways to prevent blood loss
- Vascular spasm
- Platelet plugs
- Blood clotting
Vascular spasm
Thromboxanes and endothelin stimulate a construction of blood vessels that stop blood flow to the opening
Platelet plug
formation of platelets that seal a small opening
Platelet plug formation
- platelets stick to collagen in exposed blood vessels which is caused by a protein called a von Willebrand factor
- Platelets release ADP and thromboxane to activate other platelets and bind to each other through fibrinogen
- Fibrinogen bridges form
Clot
a network of fibrin that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid
Clotting factors
proteins in the plasma that are activated after injury
Process of clotting
- Exposed connective tissue activates clotting factors
- Active clotting factors and calcium activate prothrombinase
- Prothrombinase turns prothrombin into thrombin
- thrombin makes fibrinogen into a clot
Vitamin K
key ingredient for clotting factor that is made by bacteria and diet
Anticoagulants
prevents clots from forming
Thrombus
a blood clot
Embolus
detached clot that can plug a blood vessel
Clot retraction
when platelets release actin and myosin which contract the clot and pulls the damaged vessel back together
fibrinloysis
the process of dissolving a clot by using plasmin to break down the fibrin
Agglutination
clumping or rupture of blood cells due to incorrect blood type being transfused
Antigens
makers on the outside of blood vessels that identify it as part of the body
Antibody
a part of the plasma that attaches to the antigens of the opposite blood type to remove it from the system. Ex. if you have red blood cells with a antigens then you have b-antibodies
Donor
person who gives blood
recipient
person who gets blood
Rh-group
Another type of antigen on the surface of red blood cells whose antibodies only develop if exposed to the opposite blood type.
Hemolytic (HDN)
when a fetus has a different Rh-group then the carrier, the carrier’s antibodies may cross the placenta
Development of hemolytic DN
- mother is Rh-negative with Rh-positve fetus
- fetal blood mixes with the mother’s blood and the mother produces antbodies
- antibodies cross into the fetus blood
4.antibodies attack fetus
Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM)
antibodies againts Rh antigens that are injected into the carrier to prevent antibodies from being made
Lymphatic system
Pathogens
Micoorganisms that cause disease or damage
lymphatic system
tissues and organs that produce, store and carry white blood cells to fight infections and diseases
lymphatic system functions
maintenance of fluids, liquid absorption, defense
lymph
fluid inside the lymphatic capillaries
lacteals
vessles that hold liquid from the small intestine
chyle
lymph with a high lipid content
Lymphatic directionality
fluid moves from blood to tissues and then into the lymphatic capillaries to become lymph
Lymphatic capillaries
tiny vessels that are more permiable then blood capillaries and contains valves to prevent backflow
Places without lymphatic capillaries
central nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels
three factors that cause lymphatic vessels to compress and prevent backflow
contraction of skeletal muscles during activity, contraction of smooth muscles, and pressure changes in the thorax during breathing
Lymph drainage locations
right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct
lymphocytes
created from red bone marrow and makes up lymphatic tissue. They increase in number due to the presence of pathogens
lymphatic tissue
tissue that makes the lymphatic organs and is make of a network of fibers that holds lymphocytes that filter body fluids
tonsils
lymphatic tissue between the oral cavity and pharynx that protects against pathogens entering the nose and mouth
Adenoid
enlarged pharyngeal tonsil that sometimes needs to be removed
Lymph nodes
structures along the lymphatic vessels and activates the immune system if pathogens are found and begins removing the pathogens
Spleen
A capsule of dense connective tissue containing lymphocytes that filters blood for pathogens. It also conatins a blood resovoir for emergency situations
Splean anatomy
White pulp - surrounds the arteries and contains the lymphocytes
Red pulp - surrounds white pulp and removes old blood cells and pathogens
thymus
Dividing the thoracic cavity on top of the heart. Contains a central medulla and exterior cortex and functions to develop T cells.
Process of the lymphatic system
- Heart pumps blood into the arteries
- lymphatic capillaries remove fluid
- Lacteals absorb lipids to become chyle
- chyle and lymph are filtered by lymph nodes
- lymph passes into the blood
- spleen filters blood to respond and detect infections
- Pre-T cells migrate to the thymus to become T-cells
- B cells and T-cells circulate the lymphatic tissues to respond to infections
Immuinty
the ablitiy to resist damage from pathogens
innate immunity
immune system response that is that same each time
Adaptive immunity
an immune response generated from previous experience with a pathogen
specifity
the ability to adapt to recognize a particular substance through memory
immune
when bacteria is destroyed before any symptoms develop due to the body knowing how to quickly dispose of it
Physical barriers of innate immunity
Skin prevents entry and secretions wash bacteria away
Chemical mediators
molecules that preform the function of the innate immune system like lysozyme, histamine, complement, prostalandis and leukotriens
Complement
A group of 20 proteins in the plasma that are activated when in contact with foreign substances which then either causes inflammation, phagocytosis or lyse.
Interferons
Proteins that protect against infection by being produced by an infected cell to it’s neighbours to prevent it’s ability to produce new viral nucleic acids and proteins.
prostaglandins
class of substances that stimulates muscles to promote inflammation
white blood cells (lymphatic system)
The primary killers of the immune system.
Chemotaxis
ameoba like movement of white blood cells once outside the blood stream
Macrophages
Monocytes that leave the blood to form the mononuculear phagocytic system. They work by digesting large dead cells and bacteria.
Mononuclear phagocytic system
cells derived from monocytes that enter a tissue to respond to damage or infection
Mast cells
cells that are stationed at the capillaries to prevent pathogens from entering tissues.
Natural killer cells (NK)
a type of lymphocyte cells that recognize classes of cells and then use several ways to cause lyse. They do not have a way to remember specific pathogens.
Inflammatory response
- Bacteria damage tissue which activates chemical mediators.
- Vasodilation increases blood flow and imports white blood cells
- Phagocytes leave blood and enter tissue
- fibrinogen and complement enter the tissue
- Bacteria is contained and either the process repeats or tissue repair begins
Local inflammation
inflammation contained in a specific area of the body
Systemic inflammation
- Neutrophils promote phagocytosis
- Pyrogens increase body temperature
- vascular permeability can increase causing fluid loss
Antigens
substances that stimulate and immune response
Foreign antigens
Produced outside the body that cause a reaction inside the body when it comes in contact with the body.
Self-antigens
molecules produced by the body to identify what is part of the body and what is foreign
autoimmune disease
self-antigens that attack the body
Antibody-mediated immunity
B cells which are a type of lymphocytes and antibodies produce immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
T cells which are a type of lymphocyte promote immunity and helper T cells stop or promote immunity
Processing B and T cells
Stem cell > Pre B cell > B cell > circulation > Lymph node
Stem cell > Pre T cell > circulation > thymus > t cell > circulation > lymph node
Proliferation of Helper T cells
- Macrophage phagocytoses, processes and displayers an antigen
- Helper T cells attaches to antigen and causes costimulation
- Helper T cells is stimulated to divide due to release of interlinking-2
- New helper T cells keep dividing
- They can also stimulate B cells, Cytotoxi T cells or become memory T cells
Lymphocyte Prolieration
- B cell processes and displays an antigen
- Helper T cell is stimulated by the antigen on display and costimulation occurs
- B cell divides
- One cell becomes a plasma cell to make antibodies
- One becomes a memory B cell
Antibody anatomy
Y-shaped molecules made of four polypeptide chains. Each arm is called the variable region which binds with the antigen. The rest is the constant region. They have a heavy chain in the center with light chain on the outside.
Effects of antibodies
- Inactivating the antigen
- Binding several antigens together
- Activate complement
- Release inflammatory chemicals
- Facilitate phagocytosis
Cell-mediated immunity
- Virus infects cell and some viral proteins are displayed on the cell surface
- Cytotoxic T cell binds to the viral proteins and is activated by a T cell
- Costimulation
- Helper T cells release cytokines which cause cytotoxic T cell to divide
- Divide into memory cells and cytotoxic T cells which kills the infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells
- Release Cytokines to activate parts of the immune system
- Kill infected cells by contact
Passive Natrual immunity
Mother passes antibodies to child
Passive Artificial immunity
Injecting antibodies to an infected individual
