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BPK Modules 7-12 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

White blood cells

A

blood cells without hemoglobin and have a nucleus

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2
Q

Buffy coat

A

platelets and white blood cells in blood

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3
Q

Ameboid movement

A

Ameba like movement of white blood cells through the tissues outside of arteries and veins

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4
Q

White blood cell functions

A
  1. protect against pathogens
  2. remove dead cells
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5
Q

Granulocytes

A

White blood cells with large cytoplasmic granules

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6
Q

Types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

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7
Q

Agranulocytes

A

white blood cells with small cytoplasmic granules

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8
Q

Neutrophils

A

white blood cells with granules that can react with acidic and basic dyes and move into other tissues to phagocytize foreign substances

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9
Q

Pus

A

dead neutrophils

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10
Q

phagocytize

A

distruction of bacteria by ingesting

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11
Q

Basophils

A

Stain large cytoplasmic granules with basic purple or blue dyes and function to promote inflammation and clots

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12
Q

Eosinophils

A

two-lobed nucleus stains red with acidic dies and produces an inflammatory response associated with allergies and asthma and distroy worms

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13
Q

Lymphocytes

A

smallest white blood cells and produce antibobies and other chemicals

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14
Q

Monocytes

A

largest white blood cells that leave the blood to become macrophages

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15
Q

macrophages

A

cells that phagocytize

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16
Q

Three ways to prevent blood loss

A
  1. Vascular spasm
  2. Platelet plugs
  3. Blood clotting
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17
Q

Vascular spasm

A

Thromboxanes and endothelin stimulate a construction of blood vessels that stop blood flow to the opening

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18
Q

Platelet plug

A

formation of platelets that seal a small opening

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19
Q

Platelet plug formation

A
  1. platelets stick to collagen in exposed blood vessels which is caused by a protein called a von Willebrand factor
  2. Platelets release ADP and thromboxane to activate other platelets and bind to each other through fibrinogen
  3. Fibrinogen bridges form
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20
Q

Clot

A

a network of fibrin that traps blood cells, platelets and fluid

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21
Q

Clotting factors

A

proteins in the plasma that are activated after injury

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22
Q

Process of clotting

A
  1. Exposed connective tissue activates clotting factors
  2. Active clotting factors and calcium activate prothrombinase
  3. Prothrombinase turns prothrombin into thrombin
  4. thrombin makes fibrinogen into a clot
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23
Q

Vitamin K

A

key ingredient for clotting factor that is made by bacteria and diet

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24
Q

Anticoagulants

A

prevents clots from forming

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25
Q

Thrombus

A

a blood clot

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26
Q

Embolus

A

detached clot that can plug a blood vessel

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27
Q

Clot retraction

A

when platelets release actin and myosin which contract the clot and pulls the damaged vessel back together

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28
Q

fibrinloysis

A

the process of dissolving a clot by using plasmin to break down the fibrin

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29
Q

Agglutination

A

clumping or rupture of blood cells due to incorrect blood type being transfused

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30
Q

Antigens

A

makers on the outside of blood vessels that identify it as part of the body

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31
Q

Antibody

A

a part of the plasma that attaches to the antigens of the opposite blood type to remove it from the system. Ex. if you have red blood cells with a antigens then you have b-antibodies

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32
Q

Donor

A

person who gives blood

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33
Q

recipient

A

person who gets blood

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34
Q

Rh-group

A

Another type of antigen on the surface of red blood cells whose antibodies only develop if exposed to the opposite blood type.

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35
Q

Hemolytic (HDN)

A

when a fetus has a different Rh-group then the carrier, the carrier’s antibodies may cross the placenta

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36
Q

Development of hemolytic DN

A
  1. mother is Rh-negative with Rh-positve fetus
  2. fetal blood mixes with the mother’s blood and the mother produces antbodies
  3. antibodies cross into the fetus blood
    4.antibodies attack fetus
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37
Q

Rho(D) immune globulin (RhoGAM)

A

antibodies againts Rh antigens that are injected into the carrier to prevent antibodies from being made

38
Q

Lymphatic system

A
39
Q

Pathogens

A

Micoorganisms that cause disease or damage

40
Q

lymphatic system

A

tissues and organs that produce, store and carry white blood cells to fight infections and diseases

41
Q

lymphatic system functions

A

maintenance of fluids, liquid absorption, defense

42
Q

lymph

A

fluid inside the lymphatic capillaries

43
Q

lacteals

A

vessles that hold liquid from the small intestine

44
Q

chyle

A

lymph with a high lipid content

45
Q

Lymphatic directionality

A

fluid moves from blood to tissues and then into the lymphatic capillaries to become lymph

46
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

tiny vessels that are more permiable then blood capillaries and contains valves to prevent backflow

47
Q

Places without lymphatic capillaries

A

central nervous system, bone marrow, and tissues without blood vessels

48
Q

three factors that cause lymphatic vessels to compress and prevent backflow

A

contraction of skeletal muscles during activity, contraction of smooth muscles, and pressure changes in the thorax during breathing

49
Q

Lymph drainage locations

A

right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct

50
Q

lymphocytes

A

created from red bone marrow and makes up lymphatic tissue. They increase in number due to the presence of pathogens

51
Q

lymphatic tissue

A

tissue that makes the lymphatic organs and is make of a network of fibers that holds lymphocytes that filter body fluids

52
Q

tonsils

A

lymphatic tissue between the oral cavity and pharynx that protects against pathogens entering the nose and mouth

53
Q

Adenoid

A

enlarged pharyngeal tonsil that sometimes needs to be removed

54
Q

Lymph nodes

A

structures along the lymphatic vessels and activates the immune system if pathogens are found and begins removing the pathogens

55
Q

Spleen

A

A capsule of dense connective tissue containing lymphocytes that filters blood for pathogens. It also conatins a blood resovoir for emergency situations

56
Q

Splean anatomy

A

White pulp - surrounds the arteries and contains the lymphocytes
Red pulp - surrounds white pulp and removes old blood cells and pathogens

57
Q

thymus

A

Dividing the thoracic cavity on top of the heart. Contains a central medulla and exterior cortex and functions to develop T cells.

58
Q

Process of the lymphatic system

A
  1. Heart pumps blood into the arteries
  2. lymphatic capillaries remove fluid
  3. Lacteals absorb lipids to become chyle
  4. chyle and lymph are filtered by lymph nodes
  5. lymph passes into the blood
  6. spleen filters blood to respond and detect infections
  7. Pre-T cells migrate to the thymus to become T-cells
  8. B cells and T-cells circulate the lymphatic tissues to respond to infections
59
Q

Immuinty

A

the ablitiy to resist damage from pathogens

60
Q

innate immunity

A

immune system response that is that same each time

61
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

an immune response generated from previous experience with a pathogen

62
Q

specifity

A

the ability to adapt to recognize a particular substance through memory

63
Q

immune

A

when bacteria is destroyed before any symptoms develop due to the body knowing how to quickly dispose of it

64
Q

Physical barriers of innate immunity

A

Skin prevents entry and secretions wash bacteria away

65
Q

Chemical mediators

A

molecules that preform the function of the innate immune system like lysozyme, histamine, complement, prostalandis and leukotriens

66
Q

Complement

A

A group of 20 proteins in the plasma that are activated when in contact with foreign substances which then either causes inflammation, phagocytosis or lyse.

67
Q

Interferons

A

Proteins that protect against infection by being produced by an infected cell to it’s neighbours to prevent it’s ability to produce new viral nucleic acids and proteins.

68
Q

prostaglandins

A

class of substances that stimulates muscles to promote inflammation

69
Q

white blood cells (lymphatic system)

A

The primary killers of the immune system.

70
Q

Chemotaxis

A

ameoba like movement of white blood cells once outside the blood stream

71
Q

Macrophages

A

Monocytes that leave the blood to form the mononuculear phagocytic system. They work by digesting large dead cells and bacteria.

72
Q

Mononuclear phagocytic system

A

cells derived from monocytes that enter a tissue to respond to damage or infection

73
Q

Mast cells

A

cells that are stationed at the capillaries to prevent pathogens from entering tissues.

74
Q

Natural killer cells (NK)

A

a type of lymphocyte cells that recognize classes of cells and then use several ways to cause lyse. They do not have a way to remember specific pathogens.

75
Q

Inflammatory response

A
  1. Bacteria damage tissue which activates chemical mediators.
  2. Vasodilation increases blood flow and imports white blood cells
  3. Phagocytes leave blood and enter tissue
  4. fibrinogen and complement enter the tissue
  5. Bacteria is contained and either the process repeats or tissue repair begins
76
Q

Local inflammation

A

inflammation contained in a specific area of the body

77
Q

Systemic inflammation

A
  1. Neutrophils promote phagocytosis
  2. Pyrogens increase body temperature
  3. vascular permeability can increase causing fluid loss
78
Q

Antigens

A

substances that stimulate and immune response

79
Q

Foreign antigens

A

Produced outside the body that cause a reaction inside the body when it comes in contact with the body.

80
Q

Self-antigens

A

molecules produced by the body to identify what is part of the body and what is foreign

81
Q

autoimmune disease

A

self-antigens that attack the body

82
Q

Antibody-mediated immunity

A

B cells which are a type of lymphocytes and antibodies produce immunity

83
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A

T cells which are a type of lymphocyte promote immunity and helper T cells stop or promote immunity

84
Q

Processing B and T cells

A

Stem cell > Pre B cell > B cell > circulation > Lymph node
Stem cell > Pre T cell > circulation > thymus > t cell > circulation > lymph node

85
Q

Proliferation of Helper T cells

A
  1. Macrophage phagocytoses, processes and displayers an antigen
  2. Helper T cells attaches to antigen and causes costimulation
  3. Helper T cells is stimulated to divide due to release of interlinking-2
  4. New helper T cells keep dividing
  5. They can also stimulate B cells, Cytotoxi T cells or become memory T cells
86
Q

Lymphocyte Prolieration

A
  1. B cell processes and displays an antigen
  2. Helper T cell is stimulated by the antigen on display and costimulation occurs
  3. B cell divides
  4. One cell becomes a plasma cell to make antibodies
  5. One becomes a memory B cell
87
Q

Antibody anatomy

A

Y-shaped molecules made of four polypeptide chains. Each arm is called the variable region which binds with the antigen. The rest is the constant region. They have a heavy chain in the center with light chain on the outside.

88
Q

Effects of antibodies

A
  1. Inactivating the antigen
  2. Binding several antigens together
  3. Activate complement
  4. Release inflammatory chemicals
  5. Facilitate phagocytosis
89
Q

Cell-mediated immunity

A
  1. Virus infects cell and some viral proteins are displayed on the cell surface
  2. Cytotoxic T cell binds to the viral proteins and is activated by a T cell
  3. Costimulation
  4. Helper T cells release cytokines which cause cytotoxic T cell to divide
  5. Divide into memory cells and cytotoxic T cells which kills the infected cells
90
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A
  1. Release Cytokines to activate parts of the immune system
  2. Kill infected cells by contact
91
Q

Passive Natrual immunity

A

Mother passes antibodies to child

92
Q

Passive Artificial immunity

A

Injecting antibodies to an infected individual

BPK Modules 7-12 (7 decks)

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