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Physiology > Muscular Adaptations I > Flashcards

Muscular Adaptations I Flashcards

1
Q

Which of the following best describes a type IIx fibre?
1. High rate of force, low fatigue, small motor neurone
2. High rate of force, high fatigue, large motor neurone
3. Low rate of force, intermediate fatigue, large motor neurone
4. Low motor unit force, high fatigue, large motor neurone

A
  1. High rate of force, high fatigue and large motor neurone
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2
Q

What is the main determinant of the contraction speed of a muscle fibre?

  1. Mitochondria content
  2. Glucose content
  3. Myosin ATPase type
  4. Capillarisation of the muscle
A
  1. Myosin ATPase type
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3
Q

Which of these athletes would you expect to have the highest proportion of Type I muscle fibres?

  1. Laura Trott (Cyclist)
  2. Mo Farah
  3. Usain Bolt
  4. Bradley Wiggins
A
  1. Mo Farah
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4
Q

In terms of myoglobin content, which of the following best applies?

  1. Type 1 < Type IIa & Type IIb/x
  2. There is no difference between fibre types
  3. Type I > Type IIa < Type IIb/x
  4. Type I > Type IIa > Type IIb/x
A
  1. Type I > Type IIa > Type IIb/x
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5
Q

What is the primary role of myoglobin in the skeletal muscle?

  1. Shuttle CO2 from the membrane to the nucleus
  2. Shuttle glucose to the mitochondria
  3. Remove lactic acid from skeletal muscle
  4. Shuttle O2 from the membrane to the mitochondria
A
  1. Shuttle O2 from the membrane to the mitochondria
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6
Q

What cellular structure houses the mitochondria?

A

Cytoplasm

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7
Q

Which best describes a type I fibre?

  1. Slow twitch, slow oxidative
  2. Fast twitch A, fast oxidative gylcolytic
  3. Fast twitch, fast glycolytic
A
  1. Slow twitch, slow oxidative
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8
Q

Rank the three muscle fibres based on mitochondrial density, capillary density and myoglobin content (High to low)

A

Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb

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9
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A protein that carries oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria

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10
Q

What are the main differences between myoglobin and haemoglobin?

A
  • Myoglobin binds tighter to oxygen
  • Myoglobin stores oxygen in muscles, haemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood
  • Myoglobin has less oxygen storage capacity
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11
Q

True/False: The %age of type I and type II fibres is the same throughout the body?

A

False, typically similar between arms and legs however there are exceptions.
E.g. The soleus is composed of a high %age of type I fibres

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12
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Nerve cells in the spinal cord that send signals to control muscles

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13
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

A single motor neuron and the group of muscle cells it innervates

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14
Q

True/False: The amount of muscle fibres recruited by motor units depends on the activity

A

True, during a squat jump motor units that recruit thousands of fibres per neurone are recruited whereas during eye movement there will be just 2/3 muscle fibres per neuron

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15
Q

True/False: Slow motor neurones are associated with type I fibres

A

True, the motor neurone has a smaller cell body that innervates less muscle fibres

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16
Q

What fibres are the type IIa (fast fatigue resistance neurones) associated with?

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic fibres

17
Q

How do muscles contract?

A

A motor neurone fires, causing the muscle fibres to contract, the number of neurons firing will differ depending on the amount of force required

18
Q

What is the order recruitment of muscle fibres?

A

Progressive recruitment of type I then type IIa and type IIx as the intensity increases

19
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

A functional unit of striated muscle, the most basic unit making up skeletal muscle and the functional unit of a muscle

20
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Filaments that run parallel to each other to form muscle fibres made up of thousands of sarcomeres and myofilaments

21
Q

What is the difference between myosin and actin?

A

Myosin forms thick filaments whilst actin forms thinner filaments

22
Q

What is the structure of a muscle?

A

Muscle fibres contain myofibrils which are made up of thick myosin filaments and thin actin filaments which are surrounded by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (tubules that store calcium ions)

23
Q

Which enzyme allows type IIb fibres to contract at a higher rate than IIa fibres?

A

ATPase

24
Q

Can we change our fibre types?

A

Yes, with endurance training we can influence fibre type distribution

25
Q

What does the myosin heavy chain gene expression tell us?

A

If there is an increase in the type I myosin heavy chain gene expression then it means there’s going to be adaptations towards the type I fibre

26
Q

True/False: Endurance training leads to a greater amount of capillaries

A

True by > 15%

27
Q

What is Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)?

A

A signal protein that leads to the production of new blood vessels

28
Q

What does a greater VEGF imply?

A

A greater capillary density

Physiology (13 decks)

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