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Physiology > Cardiovascular response to exercise > Flashcards

Cardiovascular response to exercise Flashcards

1
Q

What is Haematocrit?

A

The ratio of RBC’s to the total volume of blood

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2
Q

What is Acute adaptation to exercise?

A

Increases oxygen delivery to working muscles by increasing blood flow to working muscles and decreasing it to lower activity muscles

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3
Q

What is Chronic adaptation to exercise?

A

Delivers more oxygen to muscle mass, more effective oxygen delivery during sub-max exercise and increased VO2max

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4
Q

What influences Oxygen uptake & VO2max?

A
  1. Blood Volume
  2. Blood flow & Distribution
  3. Oxygen Extraction
  4. Cardiac Structure & Function
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5
Q

What is Fick’s Equation?

A

VO2 = HR x SV x (a-v)O2 difference

(a-v) = Arterio-mixed venous, HR x SV = Q (Cardiac Output)

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6
Q

What is Afterload?

A

Pressure against which the ventricle must contract, the higher the afterload the less blood will be ejected per heartbeat

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6
Q

What is Preload?

A

Amount of blood in the ventricle before contraction, this determines cardiac muscle length. Most important determining factor is venous return

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7
Q

Is the left ventricular volume larger in endurance athletes or power athletes? Why?

A

Endurance, an increase in preload causes a higher stroke volume causing eccentric hypertrophy

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8
Q

Why is posterior wall thickness and septal thickness larger in resistance athletes?

A

A higher afterload means a lower stroke volume leading to concentric hypertrophy

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9
Q

What is the difference between concentric and eccentric hypertrophy?

A

Eccentric - Results in increased ventricular volume
Concentric - Reduced ventricular volume

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10
Q

What does the Frank-Starling mechanism suggest?

A

The greater the stretch, the greater the contraction. If preload is increased, the ventricular fibre length is increased resulting in an increased tension of the muscle

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11
Q

What is SV determined by?

A

Preload, Afterload and Contractility

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12
Q

What is cardiac output directly related to as a result of SV?

A

Venous return and vascular resitstance

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13
Q

What are the endurance training adaptations for SV?

A

Higher Preload, Slower HR, Better contractility, Higher max SV

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14
Q

What are the endurance training adaptations for HR?

A

Lower HR, Max HR unchanged

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15
Q

What are the endurance training adaptations for Q?

Q = Cardiac Output

A

Lower Q as there’s an increased O2 extraction due to better muscle oxidative capacity

16
Q

What is the difference between Autlogous and Homologous blood doping?

A

Autologous is their own blood, Homologous is another person’s

17
Q

What is the definition of VO2max?

A

The maximum amount of oxygen your body can absorb and use during exercise

18
Q

Why does blood flow increase to the skin during exercise?

A

To lose heat and cool the blood back down through sweating

19
Q

What factors cause the vessels to widen during blood flow regulation?

A
  1. Decrease in pH
  2. Increase in hydrogen ions
  3. Increase in lactate
  4. Decrease in oxygen
  5. Increase in CO2
  6. Increase in temperature
20
Q

What vegetable juice causes a vessel to dilate? Why?

A

Beetroot, contains nitrates which is converted to nitric oxide, a substance released by the endothelium

21
Q

What does the vessel do if the blood pressure is low?

A

Dilates, so more blood will arrive and reach the destination

22
Q

Why does a vessel constrict if the blood pressure is high?

A

Too much blood will be going through, so make the vessel smaller and reduce the amount of blood reaching the destination

23
Q

What are the 3 main ways to regulate blood flow?

A
  1. Metabolic Regulation (Muslce metabolites & temperature)
  2. Endothelium-mediated vasodilation (Beetroot)
  3. Myogenic contraction (Pressure)
24
Q

How does sympathetic activity affect blood flow?

A

During exercise, adrenaline will be created and detected by the receptors in the muscles causing vessels nearby to open or close depending on their location

25
Q

True/False: Haematocrit always increases during exercise

A

False, total blood volume will increase but so will the plasma volume so the haematocrit doesn’t neccessarily increase

26
Q

In what case will haematocrit increase?

A

Exercising at altitude

27
Q

What 2 factors increase blood volume?

A
  1. Increase in plasma proteins
  2. Increase in total body water via alterations in kidney functions
28
Q

How does blood volume change with exercise?

A
  1. Higher blood volume in trained athletes
  2. Increase in plasma volume early on (10 days) then increase in red blood cells (months)
29
Q

True/False: Haematocrit increases after prolonged endurance training

A

False, the absolute plasma and red RBC volume increases whilst the haematocrit remains more or less the same.

30
Q

What is Erythropoietin (EPO)?

A

A hormone that increases the rate of RBC production

Physiology (13 decks)

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