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► Med Misc 25 > Muscles of the Foot > Flashcards

Muscles of the Foot Flashcards

1
Q

What can the muscles of the foot be divided into?

A

Extrinsic and intrinsic

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2
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the foot arise from?

A

The anterior, posterior and lateral compartment of the leg

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3
Q

What are the extrinsic muscles of the foot mainly responsible for?

A

Actions such as eversion, inversion, plantarflexion and dorsiflexion of the foot

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4
Q

What are the intrinsic muscles of the foot responsible for?

A

The more fine motor actions of the foot, for example movements of individual digits

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5
Q

What can the intrinsic muscles of the foot be divided into?

A

Those in the dorsum of the foot, and those in the sole

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6
Q

What muscles are found in the dorsal compartment of the foot?

A

Extensor digitorum brevis

Extensor hallicus brevis

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7
Q

What are the muscles in the dorsal compartment of the foot mainly responsible for?

A

Assisting some of the extrinsic muscles in their actions

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8
Q

What are the muscles in the dorsal compartment of the foor innervated by?

A

Deep fibular nerve (L5 or S1, or both)

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9
Q

Where does the extensor digitorum brevis lie?

A

Deep to the tendon of the extensor digitorum longus

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10
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus)
Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
Stem of inferior extensor retinaculum

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11
Q

What is the distal attachment of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Long extensor tendons of four medial digits

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12
Q

What is the main action of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Aids the extensor digitorum longus in extending the four medial toes at the metatarsophalangeal joints and the interphalangeal joints

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13
Q

What is the arterial supply of the extensor digitorum brevis?

A

Deep branch of medial plantar arteries

Lateral plantar arteries

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14
Q

Where is the extensor hallicus brevis located?

A

Medial to the extensor digitorum longus

Lateral to extensor hallucis longus

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15
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Calcaneus (floor of tarsal sinus)
Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
Stem of inferior extensor retinaculum

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16
Q

What is the distal attachment of the extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Dorsal aspect of the base of the proximal phalanx of great toe

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17
Q

What is the arterial supply of the extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Dorsal pedis artery

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18
Q

What is the main action of the extensor hallucis brevis?

A

Aids the extensor hallucis longus in extending the great toe at the metatarsophalangeal joint

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19
Q

How many intrinsic muscles are located in the sole of the foot?

A

10

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20
Q

What do the muscles in the sole of the foot do?

A

Collectively stabilise the arches of the foot

Individually control the movements of the digits

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21
Q

What are the muscles of the sole of the foot organised into?

A

Four layers, superficial to deep

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22
Q

Where is the first layer of the sole of the foot muscles found?

A

Most superficial to the sole

Immediately under the plantar fascia

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23
Q

What muscles are in the first layer of the sole of the foot?

A

Abductor Hallucis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis
Abductor Digiti Minimi

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24
Q

Where is the abductor hallucis found?

A

On the medial side of the sole

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25
Q

What does the abductor hallucis contribute to?

A

A small soft tissue bulge

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26
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the abductor hallucis?

A

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of calcaneus
Flexor retinaculum
Plantar aponeurosis

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27
Q

What is the distal attachment of the abductor hallucis?

A

Medial side of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

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28
Q

What is the innervation of the abductor hallucis?

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

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29
Q

What is the arterial supply of the abductor hallucis?

A

Medial plantar artery

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30
Q

What is the main action of the abductor hallucis?

A

Abducts and flexes 1st digit

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31
Q

Where is the flexor digitorum brevis located?

A

Laterally to the abductor hallucis

Centre of the sole, sandwiched between plantar aponeurosis and tendons of flexor digitorum longus

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32
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Medial tubercle of tuberosity of the calcaneus
Plantar aponeurosis
Intermuscular septa

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33
Q

What is the distal attachment of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Both sides of middle phalanges of lateral four digits

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34
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

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35
Q

What is the arterial supply of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Deep branch of medial plantar artery

Lateral plantar artery

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36
Q

What is the main action of the flexor digitorum brevis?

A

Flexes lateral 4 digits

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37
Q

Where is the abductor digiti minimi located?

A

On the lateral side of the foot

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38
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Medial and lateral tubercles of the tuberosity of the calcaneus
Plantar aponeurosis
Intermuscular septa

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39
Q

What is the distal attachment of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Lateral side of base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

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40
Q

What is the innervation of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

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41
Q

What is the arterial supply of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Lateral plantar artery

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42
Q

What is the main action of the abductor digiti minimi?

A

Abducts and flexes little toe

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43
Q

What muscles are in the second layer of the sole of the foot?

A

Quadratus plantae

Lumbricals

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44
Q

What passes through the second layer of the sole of the foot?

A

The tendons of the flexor digitorum longus (an extrinsic muscle of the foot)

45
Q

Where is the quadratus plantae located?

A

Superior to the flexor digitorum longus tendons

46
Q

How is the quadratus plantae separated from the first layer of muscles in the sole of the foot?

A

By the lateral plantar vessels and nerve

47
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the quadratus plantae?

A

Medial surface of lateral margin of plantar surface of calcaneus

48
Q

What is the distal attachment of the quadratus plantae?

A

Posterolateral margin of tendon of flexor digitorum longus

49
Q

What is the innervation of the quadratus plantae?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

50
Q

What is the arterial supply of the quadratus plantae?

A

Lateral plantar artery

51
Q

What is the main action of the quadratus plantae?

A

Assists flexor digitorum longus in flexing lateral four digits

52
Q

How many lumbricals are there in the foot?

A

4

53
Q

Where are the lumbricals located?

A

Medial to their respective tendon of the flexor digitorum longus

54
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the lumbricals?

A

Tendons of the flexor digitorum longus

55
Q

What is the distal attachment of the lumbricals?

A

Medial aspect of the expansion over lateral four digits

56
Q

What is the innervation of the medial lumbrical?

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

57
Q

What is the innervation of the lateral three lumbricals?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

58
Q

What is the arterial supply of the lumbricals?

A

Superficial branch of medial plantar artery

Plantar metatarsal branch

59
Q

What is the main action of the lumbricals?

A

Flex proximal phalanges, extend middle and distal phalanges of lateral four digits

60
Q

What muscles are in the third layer of the sole of the foot?

A

Flexor hallucis brevis
Adduct hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi

61
Q

Where is the flexor hallucis brevis located?

A

On the medial side of the foot

62
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the flexor hallucis longus?

A

Plantar surfaces of cuboid and lateral cuneiforms

63
Q

What is the distal attachment of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Both sides of base of proximal phalanx of 1st digit

64
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Medial plantar nerve (S2, S3)

65
Q

What is the arterial supply of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Deep branch of medial plantar artery

Superficial branch of medial plantar artery

66
Q

What is the main action of the flexor hallucis brevis?

A

Flexes proximal phalanx of the 1st digit

67
Q

Where is the adductor hallucis located?

A

Laterally to the flexor hallucis brevis

68
Q

What does the adductor hallucis consist of?

A

An oblique and transverse head

69
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the oblique head of the adductor hallucis?

A

Bases of metatarsals 2-4

70
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the transverse head of the adductor hallucis?

A

Plantar ligaments of metatarsophalangeal joints

71
Q

What is the distal attachment of the adductor hallucis?

A

Tendons of both heads attach to the lateral side of the base and proximal phalanx of 1st digit

72
Q

Wha is the innervation of the adductor hallucis?

A

Deep branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

73
Q

What is the arterial supply of the oblique head of the adductor hallucis?

A

Deep plantar arch

74
Q

What is the arterial supply of the transverse head of the adductor hallucis?

A

Deep plantar arch

Plantar metatarsal arteries

75
Q

What is the main action of the adductor hallucis?

A

Adduct 1st digit

Assists in transverse arch of foot by metatarsals medially

76
Q

Where is the flexor digiti minimi brevis located?

A

On the lateral side of the foot, underneath the metatarsal of the little toe

77
Q

What does the flexor digiti minimi brevis resemble in structure?

A

The interossei

78
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Base of 5th metatarsal

79
Q

What is the distal attachment of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Base of proximal phalanx of 5th digit

80
Q

What is the innervation of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Superficial branch of lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

81
Q

What is the arterial supply of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Lateral plantar arches

82
Q

What is the main action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?

A

Flexes proximal phalanx of 5th digit, thereby assisting with its flexion

83
Q

What muscles are in the fourth layer of the the sole of the foot?

A

Plantar interossei

Dorsal interossei

84
Q

What kind of muscles are the plantar interossei?

A

Unipennate

85
Q

What kind of muscles are the dorsal interossei?

A

Bipennate

86
Q

How many plantar interossei are there?

A

3

87
Q

Where are the plantar interossei located?

A

Between the metatarsals

88
Q

What does each plantar interossei arise from?

A

A single metatarsal

89
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the plantar interossei?

A

Plantar aspect of medial sides of shafts of metatarsals 3-5

90
Q

What is the distal attachment of the plantar interossei?

A

Medial sides of bases of phalanges of 3-5th digits

91
Q

What is the innervation of the plantar interossei?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

92
Q

What is the arterial supply of the plantar interossei?

A

Plantar metatarsal arteries

93
Q

What is the main action of the plantar interossei?

A

Adduct digits 3-5 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

94
Q

How many dorsal interossei are there?

A

4

95
Q

Where are the dorsal interossei located?

A

Between the metatarsals

96
Q

What does each dorsal interossei arise from?

A

Two metatarsals

97
Q

What is the proximal attachment of the dorsal interossei?

A

Adjacent sides of shafts of metatarsals 1-5

98
Q

What is the distal attachment of the 1st dorsal interossei?

A

Medial side of proximal phalanx of 2nd digit q

99
Q

What is the distal attachment of the 2nd-4th dorsal interossei?

A

Lateral sides of 2nd-4th digits

100
Q

What is the innervation of the dorsal interossei?

A

Lateral plantar nerve (S2, S3)

101
Q

What is the arterial supply of the dorsal interossei?

A

Dorsal metatarsal arteries

102
Q

What is the main action of the dorsal interossei?

A

Abduct digits 2-4 and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

103
Q

What will tearing of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle fibres result in?

A

A haemotoma

104
Q

What does the haemotoma from tearing of the EDB produce?

A

A characteristic swelling anteromedial to the lateral malleolus

105
Q

What does the characteristic swelling produced when the EDB is torn allow?

A

For differentiated from a sprained ankle

106
Q

What can happen as the medial plantar nerve passes deep to the abductor hallucis muscle?

A

It can become compressed and irritated

107
Q

What can result from compression of the medial plantar nerve?

A

Aching, numbness and paraesthesia on the medial side of the sole of the foot

108
Q

When can the medial plantar nerve become compressed?

A

During repetitive eversion of the foot

► Med Misc 25 (69 decks)

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