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DENTAL NURSING revision dec 7th exam > MUSCLES OF MASTICATION > Flashcards

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION Flashcards

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1
Q

MUSCLES OF MASTICATION

A

these are the four sets of muscles connected between the mandible and the skull, which act to allow cheewing movements and mouth closing to occur:

  • TEMPORALIS
  • MASSETER
  • LATERAL PTERYGOID
  • MEDIAL PTERYGOID
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2
Q

WHAT MUSCLE CONTROLS MOUTH OPENING?

A

SUPRAHYOID MUSCLES

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3
Q

TEMPORALIS:

A
  • point of origin - TEMPORAL BONE of the cranium
  • point of insertion - CORONOID PROCESS of the mandible, passing under the zygomatic arch
  • action - PULLS THE MANDIBLE BACKWARDS AND CLOSED
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4
Q

MASSESTER:

A
  • point of origin - outer surface of ZYGOMATIC ARCH
  • point of insertion - outer surface of MANDIBULAR RAMUS AND ANGLE
  • action - CLOSES THE MANDIBLE
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5
Q

LATERAL PTERYGOID:

A
  • points of origin - LATERAL PTERYGOID PLATE at the base of the cranium
  • points of insertion- HEAD OF THE MANDIBULAR CONDYLE and into the temporo-mandibular joint meniscus
  • action - BOTH MUSCLES CONTRACTING BRINGS THE MANDIBLE FORWARDS to bite the anterior teeth tip to tip; ONE MUSCLE CONTRACTING PULL THE MANDIBLE TO THE OPPOSITE SIDE
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6
Q

MEDIAL PTERYGOID:

A
  • point of origin - MEDIAL PTERYGOID PLATE at the base of the cranium
  • point of insertion - inner surface of the MANDIBULAR RAMUS AND ANGLE
  • action - CLOSES THE MANDIBLE
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7
Q

WHERE DOES THE SUPRAHYOID MUSCLE LIE?

A

one end of all these muscles is attached to the horseshoe-shaped hyoid bone, which lies suspended in soft tissue beneath the mandible, in the throat. they all lie above this bone, as opposed to a seperate group of muscles lying beneath the bone called the infrahyoid muscles.

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8
Q

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION

A

these are the muscles concerned with performing the numerous facial expressions that humans are capable of showing - smiling, frowning, winking, pursing the lips, and so on.

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9
Q

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION CAN BE GROUPED ACCORDING TO THE FACIAL REGION THAT THEIR ACTIONS INVOLVE:

A
  • the scalp
  • the eyes and surrounding area
  • the mouth and surrounding area
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10
Q

THE SKULL CAN BE DIVIDED INTO THREE ANATOMICAL REGIONS:

A
  • THE CRANIUM - enclosing the brain and forming the largest part of the skull
  • THE FACE - supporting the eyes and nose and their surrounding structures
  • THE JAWS - supporting the teeth and the tounge, and providing openings for respiratory and digestive tracts
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11
Q

THE CRANIUM IS MADE UP OF SIX PLATES OF BONE:

A
  • frontal bone - forming the forehead region
  • two parietal bones - joined at the top midline of the skull and forming its upper sides behind the forehead
  • two temporal bones - forming the lower sides of the skull in the region off the ears
  • occipital bone - forming the back of the skull
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12
Q

THE FACE IS COMPOSED OF MANY BONES, BUT THE SIX WHICH ARE RELEVANT TO DENTISTRY ARE:

A
  • two zygomatic bones- joining the upper jaw to the cranium
  • two zygomatic arches - forming the cheekbones
  • two nasal bones - forming the bony bridge of the nose
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13
Q

MAXILLA

A
  • pair of bones forming the upper jaw, the lower border of the orbital cavities, the base of the nose, and the anterior portion of the hard palate
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14
Q

MANDIBLE

A
  • appears as a single horshoe-shaped bone forming the lower jaw, with its posterior vertical bony struts articulating with the cranium at the temporo-mandibular joint
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15
Q

MAXILLARY TUBEROSITY

A

the back end of each side of the alveolar process is called the maxillary tuberosity, and this can be fractured off during difficult upper wisdom tooth extractions

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16
Q

THE MAXILLA AND PALATINE BONES ARE PERFORATED BY SEVERAL FORAMINA TO ALLOW THE PASSAGE OF THE NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS SUPPLYING THE UPPER TEETH AND THEIR SURROUNDING SOFT TISSUES, THE FOUR MAIN ONES BEING:

A
  • INFRA-ORBITAL FORAMEN - beneath the eye sockets, through which the nerves supplying the upper teeth and their labial soft tissues pass
  • GREATER AND LESSER PALATINE FORAMINA - at the back of the hard palate, through which the nerves supplying the palatal soft tissues of the upper posterior teeth pass
  • INCISIVE FORAMEN - at the front centre of the hard palate, through which the nerves supplying the palatal soft tissues of the upper anterior teeth pass
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17
Q

MANDIBULAR FORAMEN:

A
  • halfway up the inner surface of the ramus and protected by the bony lingula, and through which the nerve supplying the lower teeth and some of their surrounding soft tissues enter the mandible.
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18
Q

MENTAL FORAMEN:

A

on the outer surface of the body of the mandible, between the positions of the premolar teeth, thorugh which the same nerve exits the mandible

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19
Q

WHAT IS SUBLUXTION?

A

when the meniscus slips in front or behond its normal position during opening and closing of the mouth, the patient experiences the effect “jaw clicking”. this disarrangement of the joint is called SUBLUXATION

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20
Q

DURING NORMAL JAW MOVEMENTS, THE JOINT ALLOWS THREE BASIC TPES OF MANDIBULAR MOVEMENT TO OCCUR:

A
  • GLIDING MOVEMENT - mainly occurs when the disc and the condyle together slide up and down the articular eminence, allowing the mandible to move forwards and backwards
  • ROTATIONAL MOVEMENT - occurs when the condyle rotates anteriorly and posteriorly over the surface of the disc itself, which remains static, allowing the mandible to move down and up
  • LATERAL MOVEMENT - this occurs when one joint glides alone, so that the other condyle rotates sideways over its disc, swinging the mandible on the side opposite from the gliding action
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21
Q

DISORDERS OF THE TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT - TRISMUS:

A

invlountary painful contracture of the joint musculature, resulting in the inability to open the mouth fully

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22
Q

DISORDERS OF THE TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT - FACE AND/OR NECK PAIN:

A

often worse in the morning following a night of bruxing, and eased by relaxation and the use of anti-inflammatories

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23
Q

DISORDERS OF THE TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT - ATTRITION:

A

enamel wear facets on the teeth, due to the constant grinding of the occlusal andincisal surfaces of each arch against the other

24
Q

DISORDERS OF THE TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT - RESTORATIVE FAILURE:

A

repetitive fracture and loss of dental restorations, with or without tooth fracture, due to the excessive and prolonged occlusal forces produced

25
Q

DISORDERS OF THE TEMPORO-MANDIBULAR JOINT - SORE MOUTH:

A

especially the tounge and cheecks, where cheek ridges and tounge scalloping develop as the tongue is thrust against the teeth and the cheeks are bitten

26
Q

TRIGEMINAL NERVE:

A

the fith (V) cranial nerve, supplying the teeth and surrounding soft tissues, and the muscles of mastication

27
Q

FACIAL NERVE:

A

the seventh (VII) cranial nerve, supplying some taste sensations, some salivary glands and the muscles of facial expression

28
Q

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE:

A

the ninth (IX) cranial nerve, supplying some taste sensations, the parotid salivary glands and the muscles of the pharynx

29
Q

HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE:

A

the twelfth (XII) cranial nerve, supplying the muscles of the anterior two thirds of the tongue

30
Q

TRIGEMINAL NERVE:

A

the name of this nerve indicates that it splits into three divisions, each of which has several braches. the three divisions are:

  • OPHTALMIC DIVISION - sensory supply of the soft tissues around the eye and the upper face
  • MAXILLARY DIVISION - sensory supply of the upper teeth, the maxilla and the middle area of the face
  • MANDIBULAR DIVISION - sensory supply of the lower teeth, the mandible and the lower area of the face, and motor supply to the muscles of mastication and some of the suprahyoids
31
Q

MAXILLARY DIVISION:

A

the maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve splits further, into five branches, all of which are sensory. by definition, then, they transmit sensations (such as heat, cold, pressure and pain) from this area to the brain, including from the upper teeth. it is these branches that have to be anaesthetised before painless dental treatment can be carried out on the upper teeth.

32
Q

ANTERIOR SUPERIOR DENTAL (ALVEOLAR) NERVE:

A

supplies sensation from the upper incisor and canine teeth, and their labial gingivae. in addition, it supplies sensation from the soft tissues of the upper lip and around the nostrils of the nose

33
Q

MIDDLE SUPERIOR DENTAL (ALVEOLAR) NERVE:

A

supplies sensation from the upper premolar and the anterior half of the upper first molar teeth and their buccal gingivae

34
Q

POSTERIOR SUPERIOR DENTAL (ALVEOLAR) NERVE:

A

supplies sensation from the posterior half of the upper first molar and the second and third molar teeth and their buccal gingivae

35
Q

GREATER PALATINE NERVE:

A

supplies sensation from the palatal gingivae of the upper molar, premolar and posterior half of the canine teeth

36
Q

NASO-PALATINE NERVE:

A

previously called the LONG SPHENOPALATINE NERVE, this supplies sensation from the palatal gingivae of the upper incisor and anterior half of the canine teeth

37
Q

MANDIBULAR NERVE:

A

the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve emerges from the skull through the foramen ovale and splits into four branches which carry both sensory and motor components. the sensory branches of this nerve require anaesthetising before painless dental treatment can be carried out on the lower teeth.

38
Q

INFERIOR DENTAL (ALVEOLAR) NERVE:

A

supplies sensation from all of the lower teeth, and from the buccal or labial gingivae of all EXCEPT the molar teeth. in addition, it supplies sensation from the soft tissues of the lower lip and the chin

39
Q

LINGUAL NERVE:

A

supplies sensation from the lingual gingivae of all the lower teeth, the floor of the mouth, and touch sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue

40
Q

LONG BUCCAL NERVE:

A

supplies sensation from the buccal gingivae of the lower molar teeth

41
Q

MOTOR BRANCH:

A

supplies stimulation to the muscles of mastication, to effect jaw closing and chewing movements

42
Q

TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA:

A

this is a condition affecting the sensory nerves of either the maxillary or mandibular divisions only of the trigeminal nerve, with no known cause. the sufferer experiences sudden-onset, severe pain in various facial trigger zones, accompanied by muscle spasms in the area.
the neuralgia can be initiated by touch, chewing movements or even speaking, and episodes are usually of short duration. treatment is difficult without a known cause, and often drastic measures are taken, such as the surgical or chemical destruction of the sensory section of the nerve, to relieve the debilitating symptoms.

43
Q

FACIAL NERVE:

A

this is a combination nerve, carrying both sensory and motor fibres. its sensory component carries taste sensation from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, while its motor components supply the muscles of facial expression and the saliva secretions of both the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands. temporary paralysis of this nerve gives rise to the condition known as BALL’S PALSY

44
Q

GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL NERVE

A

this is a combination nerve. its sensory component carries taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue, while its motor component supplies the muscle of the pharynx and the saliva secretions of the parotid salivary gland.

45
Q

HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE :

A

this nerve has a motor component only, and supplies the muscles of the tongue to effect its complicated movements during speech, mastication, swallowing and so on.

46
Q

EXTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY:

A

supplying all of the head outside of the cranium, including the face and the oral cavity

47
Q

INTERNAL CAROTID ARTERY:

A

supplying all of the inner cranial structures, including the brain, and the eyes

48
Q

EXTERNAL JUGUALAR VEIN:

A

draining a small area of extra-cranial tissues only

49
Q

INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN:

A

draining the brain and the majority of the head and neck tissues

50
Q

COMMON ORAL DISEASES - ULCERATION:

A

due to underlying disorders, viral infection and premaligmant or maligmant conditions

51
Q

COMMON ORAL DISEASES - ORAL CANDIDIASIS:

A

due to infection with the fungus candida albicans

52
Q

COMMON ORAL DISEASES - RED AND WHITE PATCHES

A

often as preamaligmant lesions and usually associated with cancer risk factors, such as smoking and high alcohol intake

53
Q

COMMON ORAL DISEASES - INFLAMMATORY LESIONS:

A

affecting any area of the oral soft tissues and often responding well to imporved oral hygiene

54
Q

COMMON ORAL DISEASES - VIRAL INFECTION

A

specifically with herpes type I virus, and also with HIV

55
Q

COMMON ORAL DISEASES - SALIVARY GLAND DISORDERS:

A

due to disorders affecting their secretion potential, and also benign and malignant tumours

56
Q

COMMON ORAL DISEASES - OSTEOPOROSIS

A

this is a metabolic bone disease that involves and enlargement of the inner bone cavities and results in thinned, brittle bones which are prone to fracture

DENTAL NURSING revision dec 7th exam (17 decks)

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