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SEM3 BIOSCIENCE > MUSCLES/MOVEMENT > Flashcards

MUSCLES/MOVEMENT Flashcards

1
Q

what is a motor unit?

A

motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neuron’s axonal terminals

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2
Q

what is a motor end plate?

A

another word for NMJ- the communication between a lower motor neurone synaptic terminal and an individual skeletal muscle cell

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3
Q

which neurotransmitter is used at the NMJ of muscles in mammals?

A

acetylcholine

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4
Q

synaptobrevin and synaptotagmin are which type of SNARE protein?

A

V SNARES

vesicle

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5
Q

syntaxin and SNAP-25 are which type of SNARE protein?

A

T SNARES

transport

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6
Q

what are active zones?

A

specialised regions of neuronal membrane where vesicle release occurs

main components are Cac and Brp

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7
Q

why is the active zone functionally important?

A

organisation in this way means only microdepolarisation of Ca2+ needs to occur before vesicles are released

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8
Q

what is the function of troponin I?

A

binds myosin binding site

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9
Q

what is the function of troponin C?

A

Ca2+ binding

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10
Q

what is the function of troponin T?

A

binds tropomyosin

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11
Q

which molecule leaves the myosin head in the power stroke?

A

ADP

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12
Q

in the recovery stroke, what reaction occurs so that myosin is ready to bind actin again?

A

ATP hydrolysis

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13
Q

what causes myosin detachment from actin?

A

ATP binding

Lack of ATP is rigor mortis

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14
Q

what is the function of transverse t tubule networks?

A

allows efficient spread of depolarisation and co-ordinated contraction

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15
Q

what is the function of tropomyosin?

A

covers the actin binding sites on myosin

moved via interactions with troponin T

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16
Q

what is myasthenia gravis?

A

neuromuscular autoimmune disease whereby antibodies are raised against nicotinic Ach receptors

simple movements require huge effort

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17
Q

what is isotonic contraction?

A

contraction where muscle shortens to manage load

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18
Q

what is isometric contraction?

A

contraction where a muscle is at a constant length, but there is an increase in tension

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19
Q

why do muscles contract more efficiently at their optimum length?

A

myosin and actin make the optimum number of connections at this length

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20
Q

how does the botulinum toxin work?

A

disrupts SNARE proteins, meaning no Ach release into synapse

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21
Q

how does tetanus work?

A

cleaves synaptobrevin, causing paralysis

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22
Q

what is the function of titin?

A

links Z line to M line, stabilising the myosin filament

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23
Q

what is the function of tropomodulin?

A

binds the negative ends of actin filaments at the m line

24
Q

what is the function of desmin?

A

links together myofibrils at the Z disk

25
Q

what is the function of dystrophin?

A

links muscle filaments to outer cell membrane, hence making it move!!

26
Q

what is nebulin?

A

the structure that determines the length of the actin filament

27
Q

how is muscle fibre type determined?

A

determined by gene expression, but neuronal firing controls gene expression in early development

therefore, neuronal firing controls gene expression

28
Q

how many ATP are made per round of oxidative phosphprylation?

A

38ATP

29
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

Cytsol

30
Q

how amny ATP are produced by glycolysis?

A

2ATP

31
Q

what is the substrate for glycolysis?

A

Glycogen

DOESN’T REQUIRE OXYGEN

32
Q

what is the creatine phosphate system?

A

creatine phosphate + ADP = creatine + ATP
10 seconds
catalysed by creatine phosphatase
used as a last resort energy source

33
Q

what is the cori cycle?

A

use of oxygen to produce glucose from lactate in the liver

34
Q

what is the myokinase energy system?

A

ADP+ADP= ATP + AMP

35
Q

what is the percentage conversion of dietary calories and metabolic fuel production?

A

20%

36
Q

what is the fuel guage of the cell that indicates when metabolic substrates are at their lowest?

A

AMP

signals via AMPK pathway

37
Q

NFKB and myostatin are involved in which muscle process?

A

muscle atrophy

38
Q

what is the flow rate of skeletal muscle?

A

1-4ml/100ml

39
Q

what is functional sympatholysis?

A

a local vasodilatory mechanism whereby sympathetic vasoconstriction is overriden during exercise

40
Q

how are fine motor skills controlled?

A

by only a few muscle fibres per motor unit

41
Q

how are gross motor skills i.e. posture, controlled?

A

many muscle fibres per motor unit

42
Q

1 muscle is controlled by, on average, how many motor neurones?

A

100

43
Q

how many individual muscle fibres does one motor neurone control?

A

100-1000

44
Q

what is aerobic endurance?

A

ability of the body to sustain a high work rate, technical quality throughout training, without fatigue

45
Q

what is muscular endurance?

A

ability to perform repeated contractions without fatigue

46
Q

what is muscle hypertrophy?

A

response to training in which individual myofibrils grow in size

47
Q

what are the WHO bandings of physical activity?

A

sedentary
mild
moderate
vigorous

48
Q

what are the NHS physical activity guidelines?

A

150 minutes of moderate intensity exercise

75 minutes of vigorous intensity exercise

muscle strengthening 2 days a week

elderly patients - balance co-ordination twice a week

49
Q

how is physical activity prescribed?

A

Dose = intensity x duration

50
Q

what is chondromalacia?

A

condition whereby cartilage on posterior surface of patellar softens, causing chronic inflammation between patella and trochlear groove

51
Q

what is patella tracking disorder?

A

when the patella shifts out of the trochlear groove, caused by muscular imbalances between quads and hamstrings

52
Q

what are sharpeys fibres?

A

connective tissue collagen fibres that connect periosteum to bone

pulled away from bone in shin splints

53
Q

what is the lachmanns test?

A

flexion of knee - anterior translocation - no endpoint hit? = ACL instability

54
Q

what is the pivot shift test?

A

test indicating ACL pathology

similar to lachmans

55
Q

what are osteophytes?

A

bony projections along joint margins caused by ageing, degeneration or disease

56
Q

what is the relationship between symptoms and placebo treatment?

A

NOT CAUSAL

SEM3 BIOSCIENCE (13 decks)

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