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SEM3 BIOSCIENCE > DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM > Flashcards

DEVELOPMENT OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 4 stages of nervous system development?

A

gastrulation
neurulation
nervous system patterning
neurogenesis

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2
Q

what is the neural plate?

A

A thickening of ectodermal layer created by responses to growth factors released from the notocord

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3
Q

what cell types form the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

neural crest cells

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4
Q

what day does the anterior neurophore close?

A

day 25

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5
Q

what day does the posterior neurophore close?

A

day 28

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6
Q

failure of the anterior neurophore to close leads to…

A

anencephaly

anencephalocele

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7
Q

failure of the posterior neurophore to close leads to…

A

spina bifida

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8
Q

what percentage of neural tube defects are related to folate?

A

70%

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9
Q

what factor is secreted by the floorplate cells of the neural tube?

A

sonic hedgehog

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10
Q

what factor is secreted by the roof plate cells of the neural tube?

A

BMP

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11
Q

sonic hedgehog is responsible for the formation of which type of neurone?

A

motor

found in highest concentrations at ventral end of neural plate

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12
Q

BNP is responsible for formations of which type of neurone?

A

sensory

found at highest concentrations at dorsal end of neural plate

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13
Q

what type of embryonic cells give rise to the cerebrum?

A

Telencephalon

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14
Q

what type of embryonic cells give rise to the hind brain?

A

Mesencephalon

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15
Q

how is the nervous system developed along the anterior / posterior axis?

A

FGF - secreted by cells in the stem zone
Retinoic acid - made by somites in response to FGF

concentration gradients of both molecules determine differentiation potentials of cells in that local area

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16
Q

how are the cerebral hemispheres divided during embryogenesis?

A

Via gradients of sonic hedgehog and FGF

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17
Q

what is the function of hox genes in nervous system development?

A

help pattern the anterior - posterior axis

combinations of hox genes are turned on and off in response to different morphogen gradients

18
Q

Par3, Par6 and aPKC are all types of which family of proteins?

A

Apical base proteins

19
Q

what is apical aposition?

A

The process by which neural progenitor cells undergo differentiation into neurones, by losing their apical tip proteins

20
Q

what is craniorachischisis?

A

severe type of NTD in which both the brain and spinal cord fail to close

21
Q

what is encephalocele?

A

sac-like protrusions of meninges through a hole in the skull (recognised in a picture as a big mass coming off a babies head)

22
Q

at resting membrane potential, the membrane is very permeable to which ion?

A

K+

23
Q

which ion is responsible for the setting of the resting membrane potential?

A

K+

24
Q

what cell types are responsible for production of CSF?

A

choroid plexi of epindymal cells

25
Q

what percentage of CSF is produced by the lateral ventricles?

A

70%

26
Q

what percentage of CSF is produced by the third ventricle?

A

20%

27
Q

what percentage of CSF is produced by the fourth ventricle?

A

10%

28
Q

what is the recommended daily doseage of folic acid 3 months before and for the first 3 months of pregnancy?

A

400ug/day

29
Q

what are the consequences of too much folate in the diet?

A

folate transporter in choroid plexus blocked

can lead to early onset dementia

30
Q

what is the average volume of CSF in an adult?

A

140-270ml

31
Q

how much CSF is produced per day in an adult?

A

600-700ml

32
Q

what is tethered spinal cord syndrome?

A

complication of open SB in which cauda equina becomes entangled within spinal cord coverings, causes paralysis as growth stretches spinal cord

33
Q

in the case of a meningomyelocele, what substance is damaging the nerves exposed in the cele?

A

Amniotic fluid - foetal urine

34
Q

what percentage of pregnancies are insensitive to folate?

A

33% (one third)

35
Q

what percentage of spina bifida cases go on to develop hydrocephalus?

A

50%

36
Q

which two genes are functionally analogous to the hox genes in terms of patterning of cerebral development?

A

Emx and Otx

37
Q

at approximately what day does the cerebral cortex start to develop?

A

week 8

38
Q

why is CSF drainage critical to normal cerebral functioning?

A

we need to drain around 400ml per day to maintain constant level of CSF

39
Q

why is drainage of CSF described as an active process?

A

ependymal cells are a type of simple columnar glial cell that line the ventricles.

They waft CSF out of the ventricles into sub arachnoid space.

Lack of ependymal cells can produce congenital hydrocephalus

40
Q

what is the difference between dietary folate and folic acid?

A

dietary folate > 5-methyl-THF
folic acid > Dihydrofolate

methyl group in dietary folate used for DNA methylation. folic acid doesn’t have that!

41
Q

along with folate, which vitamin is needed for efficient folate function?

A

Vitamin D

SEM3 BIOSCIENCE (13 decks)

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