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SEM3 BIOSCIENCE > HEARING > Flashcards

HEARING Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 theories of language development?

A

Poverty of stimulus theory (based on Chomsky’s Nativist theory)

Empiricist theory

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2
Q

what is neural plasticity?

A

the inherent ability of the auditory system to reorganise its functioning an early age

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3
Q

how is neural plasticity related to age? How is this important in the context of hearing loss?

A

If congenital hearing loss is corrected by the age of 3, recovery is possible. Much after this, the functionality hearing capabilities will be lost forever

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4
Q

which lemniscus (lateral or medial) does the auditory pathway run through?

A

LATERAL lemniscus

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5
Q

what is unique about the organisation of the primary auditory cortex?

A

tonotopically arranged, meaning it is ordered in terms of frequency recognition

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6
Q

what is the innervation of the levator veli palatini?

A

pharyngeal branch of vagus nerve

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7
Q

what is the innervation of the tensor veli palatini?

A

mandibular branch of trigeminal

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8
Q

where is perilymph found?

A

bony labyrinth

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9
Q

where is endolymph found?

A

membranous labyrinth

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10
Q

scala tympani and scala vestibuli are ducts within which cochlear structure?

A

bony labyrinth

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11
Q

which cochlear duct does the stapes bone communicate with at the oval window?

A

Scala vestibuli

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12
Q

what is the name of the membrane that seperates the scala vestibuli and scala media?

A

vestibular membrane

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13
Q

what is the name of the membrane that seperates the scala media and scala tympani?

A

basillar membrane

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14
Q

what is the function of the tectorial membrane?

A

provides a surface upon which K+ rich endolymph runs over hair cells in response to sound frequencies

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15
Q

what is the absolute hearing range of humans?

A

20-20000Hz

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16
Q

what is the sensitive hearing range of humans?

A

1500-4000Hz

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17
Q

short / high frequency waves are absorbed in which part of the cochlear duct?

A

Base of cochlear

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18
Q

low / low frequency waves are absorbed in which part of the cochlear duct?

A

apex/helicotrema

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19
Q

what is the function of inner hair cells?

A

5-10% of all hair cells

important in conveying sound into action potentials

20
Q

what is the function of outer hair cells?

A

90-95% of all hair cells

involved in sound modulation in response to sensory input

21
Q

where is the organ of corti located?

A

scala media of cochlear duct

22
Q

the scala vestibuli and scala tympani belong to which cochlear labyrinth?

A

Bony labyrinth

23
Q

how is sound transmitted through bone (as opposed to air)?

A

bone conduction vibrates skull against cochlear, which in turn vibrates basillar membrane of scala media

24
Q

what are deiters cells?

A

supporting cells that separate and support the IHC and OHC

25
Q

what is the tectorial membrane?

A

membrane overlying the IHC of scala media

26
Q

tip-link proteins open K+ channels on stereocilia of IHC, what occurs after this?

A

K+ influx and IHC depolarisation
Ca2+ influx
Glutamate release
type I spiral ganglion neurone excitation

27
Q

how do outer hair cells modulate sound

A

cause hair cell elongation in response to efferent stimulation

More space between tectorial membrane and stereocilia means less endolymph flow

28
Q

what are the two main components of the vestibular system?

A

vestibule (containing otholitic organs)

semicircular canals

29
Q

what is the function of the vestibule?

A

detects linear changes in direction (eg. accelleration)

30
Q

the utricle detects ……… changes in accelleration

A

horizontal

31
Q

the saccule detects ……… changes in accelleration

A

vertical

32
Q

what is the function of macullae?

A

receptor cells that convey information from hair cells of utricle/saccule to the vestibular nerve

33
Q

what is the otoconia analogous to in the cochlear?

A

tectorial membrane

34
Q

what type of movement do the semicircular canals sense?

A

dynamic and angular movement

35
Q

what is the crista ampullaris?

A

sensory organ of rotation, found in the ampulla of each of the semicircular canals

cone shaped structure containing hair cells that are moved by the cupulla in response to angular changes in accelleration

36
Q

describe the vestibo-ocular reflex

A

detects angular movement to either side and contracts extraocular muscles to move the other way

37
Q

what ganglion is associated with the vestibo-ocular relfex?

A

scarpa’s ganglion

38
Q

what is nystagmus?

A

involuntary eye movement that occurs when semicircular canals are being stimulated when the head is not in motion

39
Q

what descending motor tract receives input from the vestibular nuclei in order to control core muscle tone?

A

vestibulo-spinal

40
Q

what is the diagnostic significance of outer hair cells?

A

they are motile, releasing otoacoustic emissions which can be measured in a hearing loss diagnostic test

41
Q

what physical property of the basillar membrane allows it to absorb different frequencies?

A

Tighter @ cochlear base, meaning higher frequencies absorbed here

42
Q

what is pure tone audiometry?

A

hearing levels (in Db) on y axis and frequency on x axis

tests bone and air conduction at different frequencies

43
Q

what are otoacoustic emmsions tests?

how can they be interpreted?

A

measurement of low intensity signals released by outer hair cells of inner ear.

OAE normal - conductive hearing loss
OAE reduced significantly - cochlear deafness
OAE normal/slightly low - auditory pathway neuropathy

44
Q

what is tympanometry?

A

used to test mobility of tympanic membrane and auditory ossicles

45
Q

how is conductive hearing loss recognised on a pure tone audiogram?

A

when a net difference of 10Db or more is seen between bone and air conduction

46
Q

how is sensorineural loss recognised on a pure tone audiogram?

A

when there is a marked reduction in bone and air conduction at certain frequencies

47
Q

how is mixed hearing loss identified on a pure tone audiogram?

A

no pattern

SEM3 BIOSCIENCE (13 decks)

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