muscles and nerves

Question 1

how to recognise smooth muscle in histology?

Answer 1

spindle shapes, and oblong nuclei in centre of the cell/fibre

Question 2

spinal nerves, we know t4. can you think of any others?

sternal angle
umbilicus
groin

Answer 2

t2
t10
l1

Question 3

ventral ramus of a spinal nerve contains

Answer 3

motor, sensory and sympathetic fibers

Question 4

the anterior muscle compartment of the arm:

(single best answer)

flexes elbow joint
extends shoulder joint
abducts the arm
is supplied by spinal nerves t1-t5
pronates the forearm

Answer 4

flexes the elbow joint

not extend shoulder joint because instead it will flex

Question 5

the anterior muscle compartment of the arm is flexor or extender

Answer 5

flexor

Question 6

what nerve supplies the anterior muscle compartment of the arm, which comes from which plexus

Answer 6

musculocutaneous nerve, from brachial plexus

Question 7

what are the spinal root values of the brachial plexus

Answer 7

c5-t1- meaning that muscles of the arm are actually being supplied by nerves from the neck

Question 8

ventral root/dorsal root has motor/sensory neurons please

Answer 8

dorsal root is sensory/afferent

ventral root is motor/efferent

Question 9

is triceps extension or flexion

Answer 9

extension

Question 10

what nerve supplies posterior muscle compartment of the arm

Answer 10

radial nerve

eg triceps

Question 11

Generally, skeletal muscles attaching from the trunk to the limb bones are regarded as what

Answer 11

limb muscles

Question 12

is pectoralis major flexion or extension, and is it axial or appendicular

Answer 12

flexion
axial

Question 13

the two attachments of a muscles are labelled as what

Answer 13

proximal/superior or distal/inferior

Question 14

origin vs insertion is what

Answer 14

proximal attachment= origin
distal attachment= insertion

Question 15

4. The anterior tendons of the abdominal oblique muscles are flat, thin and broad. What type of tissue is this

Answer 15

The ‘type of tissue’ is flat tendon. It’s called aponeurosis tho.

Question 16

origin and insertion of pectoralis major

Answer 16

insertion= humorus

origin= anterior surface of clavicle, sternum, first 7 costal cartilages,
the sternal end of the sixth rib, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique.

Question 17

how many joints are crossed by the biceps brachii

Answer 17

2

Question 18

origin tendons of biceps brachii are covered by what,
insertion can be seen where

Answer 18

deltoid
in crook of the arm

Question 19

the laterally located head of the biceps is either the long or short one, which is it?

Answer 19

long

Question 20

long head of biceps originates where

Answer 20

supraglenoid tubercle above socket of the scapula

Question 21

what’s the biceps pulley

Answer 21

The biceps pulley or “sling” is a capsuloligamentous complex
Acts to stabilize the long head of the biceps tendon in the bicipital groove

Question 22

short head of biceps originates where

Answer 22

the scapula

Question 23

insertion of biceps

Answer 23

radial tuberosity of radial bone

Question 24

what’s the movement of the different heads of the biceps

Answer 24

long= away from trunk, abduction
short= adduction

Question 25

if both bicep heads bend simultaneously, what movement

Answer 25

flexion

Question 26

do biceps have a role in both internal rotation, and supination?

Answer 26

yes both

Question 27

when diaphragm contracts, it moves up or down and what happens to thoracic volume

Answer 27

contracts=moves down= increase in thoracic volume

Question 28

which muscles act against gravity to maintain posture

Answer 28

intrinsic muscles of the back

Question 29

what’s muscle testing

Answer 29

Can help diagnose both muscle and nerve injuries by assessing
power of movement. Muscles are assessed bilaterally in pairs for comparison.

Question 30

what’s muscle atrophy?
when may it result?

Answer 30

“Wasting” of muscle tissue
disorder of the muscle or its innervation.
immobilisation of limb eg in a plaster cast for a long period.

Question 31

how are muscles compartmentalised?

Answer 31

intermuscular fascial septa

Question 32

how does knowledge of intermuscular fascial septa help us as clinicians?

Answer 32

Clinical: Knowledge of the arrangement of the deep fascia and the partitioning of
structures into compartments by means of its intermuscular septa assists clinicians in
determining the pathway (“tracking”) of infection spread from a primary site.

Question 33

all arm and forearm muscle compartments are supplied by the brachial plexus- radial nerve and musculocutaneous nerve. what plexus supplies the lower limbs?

Answer 33

lumbosacral plexus, from l1-s4

Question 34

The muscles on the anterior abdominal wall (as well as on the anterior chest wall) are broad and flat. How does this affect the movements of the abdominal wall as well as pressure on the organs within the abdomen?

Answer 34

The abdominal muscles support the trunk, allow movement and hold organs in place by regulating internal abdominal pressure.

Question 35

Help with essential bodily functions, including urinating, defecating, coughing, sneezing, vomiting

which muscles

Answer 35

muscles on anterior abdominal wall

Question 36

what’s a sphincter muscle

Answer 36

In a sphincter, muscle fibres are arranged circularly and thickened around the wall of a
structure, usually a tube.

Question 37

what’s a sphincter muscle usually composed of

Answer 37

: Sphincters are mostly composed of smooth (involuntary) muscle within the body

but sometimes skeletal eg external anal, urethra