last minute anatomy revision

Question 1

what’s myelin

Answer 1

Myelin is a fatty white substance that surrounds the axon of some nerve cells, forming an
electrically insulating layer. It is essential for the proper functioning of the nervous system.

Question 2

where does myelin come from

Answer 2

its secreted by schwann cells wrapped around the axons

Question 3

what’s the endoneurium

Answer 3

The endoneurium is a layer of delicate connective tissue around the myelin sheath of each
nerve fibre

Question 4

what surrounds fascicles

Answer 4

Each fascicle (bundle of fibres) lies within its own protective sheath called a perineurium.

Question 5

what’s the epineurium

Answer 5

In sufficiently large nerves multiple fascicles, each with its blood supply and fatty tissue, may
be bundled within yet another sheath, the epineurium.

Question 6

what surrounds individual axons?

Answer 6

endoneurium i think

Question 7

what surrounds nerve fascicles?

Answer 7

perineurium

Question 8

what surrounds a nerve?

Answer 8

epineurium

Question 9

What’s a dermatome

Answer 9

A dermatome is an area of skin that is mainly supplied by afferent nerve fibres from the dorsal root of any given spinal nerve.

Question 10

What type pf muscle is found in the diaphragm?

Answer 10

skeletal muscle- most of the time it is involuntary, but sometimes it is voluntary, so it’s skeletal

Question 11

What happens to the shape of the diaphragm when it contracts?

Answer 11

flattens

Question 12

What type of nerve cell lies in the dorsal root ganglion of a spinal nerve?

Answer 12

sensory/afferent

Question 13

Through which foramina do spinal nerves exit the vertebral column?

Answer 13

intervertebral

Question 14

Muscles in the same compartment (e.g., the anterior compartment of the forearm) share
what?

Answer 14

innervation

Question 15

Sympathetic nerves are only found where

Answer 15

thoracic-lumbar region

Question 16

what lies within the intervertebral foramen?

Answer 16

nerves, vessels and ligaments

Question 17

what type of joint occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?

Answer 17

secondary cartilaginous/symphysis

(of fibrocartilage)

Question 18

what joint occurs between articular processes of the vertebral column

Answer 18

plane synovial joint

zygapophysial (facet) joint

Question 19

name for C7

Answer 19

vertebrae prominens

Question 20

what distinguishes cervical vertebrae

Answer 20

bifid spinous process
transverse foramens

Question 21

what distinguishes thoracic vertebrae

Answer 21

costal facets for ribs
heart shaped vertebral foramen

Question 22

what’s special about c2

Answer 22

dens which articulates with c1

Question 23

movement permitted in:

cervical
thoracic
lumbar

card not finished/checked

Answer 23

cervical=most.
flexion, extension, lateral flexion, and rotation:

thoracic=least. large rotational and lateral flexion movements, but limited flexion and extension.

lumbar=middly. significant flexion and extension, limited rotation

Question 24

posterior vs anterior unilateral, what movement on the spine

Answer 24

both left and right sides contract together (bilaterally). A

Question 25

how might limb muscles help contrinbute to movements of the vertebral column

Answer 25

if limb is immobilised eg during situps

Question 26

how is intra-abdominal pressure increased

Answer 26

if flexor and extensor muscles of the abdomen contract simultaneously

Question 27

lumbar puncture where

Answer 27

l3/4 or l4/5

Question 28

does disc prolapse mean

Answer 28

herniation

Question 29

What causes the intervertebral disc to prolapse or herniate

Answer 29

trauma, age

Question 30

How does flexion of the vertebral column aid the performance of an LP?

Answer 30

It increases intervertebral space

Question 31

At which vertebral level does the spinal cord terminate in: a. an adult, and b. a child

Answer 31

l1/2
l3/4

Question 32

Which spinal nerves form the cauda equina, and from which spinal cord structure do they emerge

Answer 32

L2-S5
conus medullaris

Question 33

where does the dural sac terminate

Answer 33

In an adult, the dural sac terminates caudally at S2.
children, S3

Question 34

space between vertebral bones and dura mater is called what

Answer 34

The space between the dura mater and the vertebral bones is the epidural

Question 35

To which vertebral level does the arachnoid mater descend?

Answer 35

S2