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semester 1 > Muscles and Nerves > Flashcards

Muscles and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscles that attach both to the axial and appendicular skeleton?

A

Appendicular muscles

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2
Q

How does muscle attach to bone?

A

Muscle attaches to bone by a tendon

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3
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The origin of a muscle is the proximal/supperior/medial attachment

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4
Q

What is the insertion of a muscle?

A

The insertion of a muscle is the distal/inferior/lateral attachment

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5
Q

At the bone, where are the fibres of a tendon embedded?

A

The fibres of a tendon at a bone are embedded within the periosteum

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6
Q

What is an aponeurosis?

A

An aponeurosis is the flat, thin and broad tendons of the abdominal oblique muscles

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7
Q

What happens when triceps contract?

A

When triceps contract they pull the elbow back (extends the joint)

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8
Q

What are diaphagm skeletal muscles?

A

Diaphagm skeletal muscles are ones which attach bones from either side of the midline of the sagittal plane

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the diaphragm?

A

The purpose of the diaphragm is to increase volume of the tharacic cavity during inspiration, descending on contraction and ascending on relaxation

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10
Q

What happens when the muscle fibres of the central tendon contract?

A

When the muscle fibres of the central tendon contracts the dome descends

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11
Q

What direction does the dome move on contraction?

A

The dome moves inferior on contraction

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12
Q

Why can muscles such as the deltoid perform many movements on the joint?

A

They have many fibres (anterior, middle and posterior) that can pull the shoulder joint in different directions

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13
Q

What is an antagonistic pair?

A

Antagonistic pairs are muscles that combine in an antagonistic way to carry out a particular action on a joint

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14
Q

What muscles are responsible for the arm flexing?

A

Anterior arm and forearm muscles are responsible for the arm flexing

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15
Q

What groups of muscles relax as you flex your elbow?

A

Posterior muscles relax as you flex your elbow

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16
Q

What is the agonist muscle?

A

The agonist muscle is the one that produces the motion

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17
Q

What is the antagonist muscle?

A

The antagonist muscle is the one that opposes the action

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18
Q

What is a synergist?

A

A synergist assists the agonist by helping to perform the same set of joint movement

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19
Q

What is an example of stabalising muscles?

A

An example of stabalising muscles are the rotaror cuff muscles around the shoulder, they reduce the risk of dislocation

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20
Q

What does muscle testing allow?

A

Muscle testing allows the diagnosis of both muscle and nerve injuries by assesing the power of movement

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21
Q

What is muscle atrophy?

A

Muscle atrophy is the wasting of muscle tissue

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22
Q

What is an example of a muscle that crosses two joints and performs a different movement on each?

A

The hamstring is an example of a muscle that crosses two joints and performs a different movement on each

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23
Q

What can muscles be compartmentalised by?

A

Muscles can be compartmentalised by:

  1. Deep fiscial intermuscular septa which seperates them into compartments
  2. Common nerves supplying all the muscles in a compartment
  3. Common actions of the muscles in a compartment
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24
Q

What is A?

A

Intermuscular septum

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25
What is B?
Skin
26
What is C?
Deep fascia
27
What is D?
Superficial fascia
28
What is E?
Intermuscular septum
29
What is F?
Posterior compartment
30
What is G?
Humerus
31
What is H?
Anterior compartment
32
What is a ligament?
A ligament joins a bone to an adjacent bone
33
Which of A and B is a ligament and tendon?
A is a ligament B is a tendon
34
What is a plexus?
A plexus is a nerve network
35
What plexus are all arm and forearm compartments supplied by?
The brachial plexus supplies all arm and forearm comparments
36
What plexus are all thigh and leg muscles supplied by?
The lumbosacral plexus supplies all thigh and leg muscle compartments
37
What spinal roots supply the brachial plexus?
C5 - T1 supplies the brachial plexus
38
What spinal roots supply the lumbosacral plexus?
L1 - S4 supplys the lumbosacral plexus
39
What are muscles named according to?
Muscles are named according to: 1. Direction of muscle fibres 2. Location 3. Size 4. Number of origins 5. Shape 6. Action 7. Attachments
40
What effect does muscles being at 90o to each other, such as the oblique muscles, have?
Being 90o to each other increases both strength and integrity
41
What is the name given to tendons that are flat and thin?
Aponeurosis tendons are ones which are flat and thin
42
What does 'rectus' mean?
Rectus means straight
43
What does 'teres' mean?
Teres means round
44
How are muscles arranged in a sphincter?
Muscles are arranged circularly and thickened around the wall of a structure in a sphincter
45
What are axial muscles innervated by?
Axial muscles are innervated by non-limb nerve plexus or segmentally (individual spinal cord nerves that do not network with others)
46
What imaging technique is the best for showing muscle?
MRI is the best for showing muscle
47
What is A?
Air filled space
48
49
What is B?
Bone
50
What is C?
Blood vessel
51
What is D?
Muscle
52
What kind of muscle is this?
Cardiac muscle
53
What kind of muscle is this?
Skeletal muscle
54
What kind of muscle is this?
Smooth muscle
55
What are properties of skeletal muscle
Skeletal muscle is: Striated Straight muscle fibres Multinucleate
56
What are properties of cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle is: Striated Branched Mononucleate Intercalated disks
57
What are properties of smooth muscles?
Smooth muscles are: Monomucleate Not striated
58
What is the motor unit composed of?
The motor unit is composed of neurons and muscle fibres integrated together
59
What is the end of the nerves in a motor unit called?
The end of the nerves in a motor unit is called the motor end plate
60
Where do somatic sensory nerves emerge from the spinal cord from?
Somatic nerves emerge from the dorsal (posterior) nerve root
61
Where do somatic motor nerves emerge from the spinal cord from?
Somatic motor nerves emerge from ventral (anterior) nerve root
62
Where do motor and sensory nerves join after travelling through the dorsal and ventral nerve roots?
They join in the intervertebral foramen to form a mixed spinal nerve
63
How does the mixed spinal nerve branch after leaving the intervertebral foramen?
Branches into the dorsal and ventral ramus
64
What does the ventral ramus supply?
The ventral ramus supplies: Skin Muscles and bones of the anterolateral sides of the trunk Upper and lower limbs
65
What does the dorsal ramus supply?
The dorsal ramus supplies the posterior side of the trunk
66
What kinds of nerves are in the ventral and dorsal ramus?
Both sensory and motor nerves are in the ventral and dorsal ramus
67
Which horn, of the dorsal and ventral, is wider?
The dorsal horn is wider
68
What is A?
Dorsal horns
69
What is B?
Dorsal root ganglion
70
What is C?
Sensory neuron
71
What is D?
Dorsal root
72
What is E?
Spinal nerve (mixed)
73
What is F?
Sensory receptors at back
74
What is G?
Skeletal muscles at back
75
What is H?
Dorsal ramus (mixed)
76
What is I?
Ventral ramus (mixed)
77
What is J?
Sensory receptors of limbs and trunk
78
What is K?
Skeletal muscles of limbs and trunk
79
That is L?
Ventral root
80
What is M?
Ventral horn motor neurons
81
What is N?
Ventral horns
82
What does the dorsal ramus do at each spinal (segmental) level?
At each spinal level the dorsal ramus segmentally innvervates the main muscle of the back (erector spinae muscle) and the skin overlaying it with sensory and motor fibres
83
How does the ventral ramus innvervate muscles?
The ventral ramus passes laterally and then anteriorly to segmentally innervate the muscles of the anterolateral tharacic and abdominal walls, and the skin overlaying the muscles
84
What are the ventral rami that supply the muscles between the ribs known as?
The ventral rami supplys muscles that supplys the muscles between the ribs (intercostal muscles) are known as intercostal nerves
85
Where does each intercostal rami lie?
Each intercostal nerve lies below the rib of the same number, ie, intercostal nerve 7 lies below rib 7 (intercostal space 7)
86
How many intercostal nerves are there?
There are 12 ribs so there are 12 intercostal nerves
87
What do the lower intercostal nerves also supply (T7 - T12)?
The lower intercostal nerves also supply the muscles of the anterior abdominal wall
88
What is a cutaneous nerve?
A cutaneous nerve is a branch of the brachial plexus that supplies the skin overplaying the muscle, containing fibres from various spinal levels
89
What are dermatones?
Dermatones are innervated by nerves from a single spinal level The joined up strip of skin supplied by fibres coming from only one single spinal nerve
90
What joint occurs in the midline of the trunk at dermatome T2?
The sterno is at T2
91
What surface feature of the body is found at dermatome T4?
The nipples are found at dermatome T4
92
What surface feature of the body is found at dermatome T10?
The belly button is found at dermatome T10
93
In what region of the body is dermatome L1 found?
Dermatome L1 is found in the inguinal region
94
What do dermatomes C5 - T1 supply?
Dermatomes C5 - T1 supplies the upper limbs
95
What are the layers surrounding the myeline sheath?
Myeline sheath is surrounded by endoneurium, forming fascicles (bundles of fibres) surrounded by perineurium, forming fascicles surrounded by epineurium
96
What is A?
Spinal nerve
97
What is B?
Epineurium
98
What is C?
Axon
99
What is D?
Fasciculus
100
What is E?
Perineurium
101
What is F?
Endoneurium
102
What is G?
Blood vessels
103
What surrounds individual axons?
Endoneurium and a dissolved myelin sheath surrounds individual axons
104
What surrounds nerve fascicles?
Blood vessels and perineurium surrounds nerve fascicles
105
What surrounds a nerve?
Epineurium surrounds a nerve
106
What is the function of the aponeurosis?
Join muscles and the body parts that they act on Transfer force and absorb energy
107
Identify A
Latissimus dorsi
108
Idetify B
Rhomboid Major
109
Identify C
Rhomboid Minor
110
Identify D
levator scapulae
111
Identify E | (zoom in)
Trapezius

semester 1 (105 decks)

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