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semester 1 > Drug Delivery > Flashcards

Drug Delivery Flashcards

1
Q

How can drug formulation affect the effect of the drug?

A

Allow selective targeting of a tissue site or to avoid pre- or systemic metabolism, or to allow a 24 hour action

Treatment regime also needs to be tailored to a patients needs

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2
Q

What determines the drug delivery system we use?

A

The dose of the drug to be given
The frequency of administration
The timing of administration

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3
Q

What factors do we consider to determine the dose?

A

Renal function
Hepatic function
Consider age and weight
Consider disease to be treated
Consider drug toxicity
Give a starting dose and increase dose to achieve the desired effect

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4
Q

Where does absorption take place?

A

Buccal Mucosa
Sublingual
Oral
Rectal

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5
Q

What determines the speed of absorption of solutions and suspensions?

A

Gastric emptying - most rapid from the small intestine

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6
Q

What is the benefit of Solutions and Suspensions?

A

Useful way to administer drugs to the young, elderly and patients with swallowing difficulties

Drugs given in this way are absorbed extremely rapidly

May be given via a naso-gastric or PEG tube

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7
Q

What is a suspension?

A

Dispersions of coarse drug particles in a liquid phase

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8
Q

What are suspensions useful for?

A

Drugs which are insoluble unpalatable as they are better tolerated

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9
Q

What is the most commonly used formulation?

A

Tablets and capsules

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10
Q

What is the rate limiting step for capsules and tablets?

A

Tablet breakdown (dissolution)

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11
Q

What are the advantages of the tablets and capsules?

A

Convenience
Accuracy of dose
Reproducibility
Drug stability
Ease of mass production

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12
Q

What is the effect of the enteric coated tablets?

A

Enteric coating delays disintegration of the tablet until it reaches the small intestine

Protect the drug from stomach acid
Omeprazole
Protect the stomach from the drug (ulceration)
Aspirin

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13
Q

What is the benefit of Prolonged or Delayed Release Formulations?

A

Most disorders required prolonged therapy
Maintains drug levels within a therapeutic range
Reduces the need for frequent dosing
Compliance is improved
Improved nursing and doctor compliance

This type of preparation contains more of the active drug but releases it more slowly over a prolonged period

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14
Q

What are the advantages of prodrugs?

A

Prolongation of duration of action
Avoidance of degradation of the drug in the gut

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15
Q

What is a prodrug reliant on?

A

Liver function - metabolism activates the drug

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16
Q

What is Buccal and Sublingual Administration ideal for?

A

Ideal method for drugs which have extensive pre-systemic or first pass metabolism

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17
Q

How would you take sub-lingual drugs?

A

Sublingual tablets are small and dissolve slowly under the tongue or in the buccal cavity

18
Q

What is the rectal route useful for?

A

Useful in the young or old
Patients who are unable to swallow

19
Q

Why would you choose a rectal route?

A

Treat local conditions
Can achieve systemic absorption
Bypasses pre-systemic metabolism

20
Q

What is the vaginal route used for?

A

Local disease

21
Q

What are the advantages of injection based drug delivery?

A

Provide fast systemic effects bypassing first-pass metabolism
Drugs can be administered in unconscious or comatose patients
Drugs having short half-life can be infused continuously

22
Q

When is intravenous administration used?

A

When:

A rapid onset of action is required
careful control of
Plasma levels is required

A drug has a short half-life

23
Q

How may IV formulations be given?

A

Rapidly
Slowly to prevent toxic effects
Continuous infusion to ensure accurate control of blood levels especially when a drug has a narrow therapeutic index

24
Q

Describe what an Intramuscular Injection is?

A

An injection of the drug is given into the muscle mass

25
Q

Describe the type of solution given in intramuscular injection

A

The drug may insoluble or formulated in an oil base

26
Q

What is the benefit of intramuscular injection?

A

Allows a more sustained duration of action up to months

BUT

May be painful

27
Q

What are the advantages of subcutaneous injection?

A

Easy to use and bypasses need for venous access

28
Q

How does transdermal drug delivery enter the systemic circulation?

A

Adhesive patches containing the drug are applied on the skin

The drug crosses the skin surface by diffusion by percutaneous absorption

29
Q

What does transdermal drug delivery avoid?

A

Bypasses first-pass hepatic inactivation

30
Q

What is percutaneous drug administration?

A

Creams, Ointments and Skin patches

Drugs can be administered to the skin to achieve a local effect i.e steroids or a systemic effect i.e HRT or nitroglycerin

31
Q

What is the benefit of skin patches?

A

Possible to obtain controlled, sustained blood levels of the administered drug such as nicotine, nitroglycerin, opiates, HRT, contraception

32
Q

When are drugs administered by inhalation?

A

When there is a need to deliver drugs directly to the lung for local effect or to achieve a systemic effect I.e anaesthetics

33
Q

What are the advantages of inhalation?

A

Drug delivered directly to site of action
Rapid effect
Small doses used
Little systemic absorption
Reduced adverse effects

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of inhalation?

A

Patient education is essential

35
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies act?

A

Bind to cancer specific antigen and induce an immunological response to cancer cells

36
Q

What can Monoclonal antibodies be used to deliver?

A

Toxin, cytokine or other active drug§

37
Q

What is the purpose of liposomal drug delivery?

A

Altered pharmacokinetics results in reduced toxicity with enhanced efficiency

There is reduced distribution of drug to sensitive tissue

38
Q

What is another method of increasing the precision in targeting of a drug as well as reducing the toxicity?

A

Nanoparticle based drug delivery - makes the drug more effective and reduces the chances of possible side-effects

39
Q

What are nano erythrosomes and what are their applications?

A

Erythrocytes that can carry, proteins, enzymes and macromolecules

Used in the treatment of liver tumour, parasitic disease and enzyme disease

40
Q

What is the vector for the genetic transfer system involving the delivery of therapeutic genes to target cells?

A

Viruses

semester 1 (105 decks)

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