Muscles and Movement

Question 1

Superior

Answer 1

Above/top/towards the head

Question 2

Inferior

Answer 2

below/bottom/away from the head

Question 3

Anterior

Answer 3

Towards the front

Question 4

Posterior

Answer 4

Towards the back

Question 5

Proximal

Answer 5

Closer to the trunk/origin

Question 6

Distal

Answer 6

Away from the trunk/origin

Question 7

Medial

Answer 7

Towards the mid-line

Question 8

Lateral

Answer 8

Away from the mid-line

Question 9

Deep

Answer 9

Inside the body and away from the surface

Question 10

Superficial

Answer 10

Towards the surface

Question 11

What are the three planes of movement?

Answer 11

Sagittal, transverse and frontal

Question 12

Axis for sagittal plane

Answer 12

Frontal horizontal axis

Question 13

Axis for transverse plane

Answer 13

Vertial axis

Question 14

Axis for frontal plane

Answer 14

Sagittal horizontal axis

Question 15

Concentric

Answer 15

Muscle is in tension and shortening

Question 16

Eccentric

Answer 16

Muscle is in tension and lengthening

Question 17

Isometric

Answer 17

Muscle is in tension and length stays the same

Question 18

Passive movement

Answer 18

Muscle is not under tension

Question 19

Agonist

Answer 19

The muscle(s) responsible for performing the movement - prime movers.

Question 20

Antagonist

Answer 20

The muscle(s) that could oppose the agonists if activated

Question 21

Stabilisers

Answer 21

Muscles that contract to stabilise nearby joints

Question 22

Synergists

Answer 22

Muscles that assist in the action of the agonists (guiding muscles)

Question 23

Approximate number of muscles in the body

Answer 23

600

Question 24

4 muscle functions

Answer 24

Movement - contracts to move bones
Maintain posture
Store and move substances
Thermoregulation

Question 25

How does skeletal muscle produce movement?

Answer 25

Force is produced by the muscle
Force is transmitted to the skeleton via the tendon
> Movement occurs/joint is stabilised/posture is maintained

Question 26

Pennation angle

Answer 26

Angle between orientation of muscle fibres and the tendon (or line of pull). Usually up to 45 degrees

Question 27

Difference in tension between parallel and pennate muscles and why

Answer 27

Pennate muscles have a higher tension than parallel of the same size as pennate muscle fibres pull at an angle to the line of pull.

Question 28

Example(s) of pennate muscles

Answer 28

Rectus femoris and biceps femoris

Question 29

Origin

Answer 29

The tendon attachment(s) nearest the centre of the body.

Question 30

Insertion

Answer 30

The tendon attachment(s) furthest from the centre of the body.

Question 31

Torque

Answer 31

Torque = force x perpendicular distance from pivot

Question 32

What does it mean if there is a longer lever arm at a pivot joint?

Answer 32

Increase in torque
Decrease range of motion
Decrease joint angular velocity