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Structural Kinesiology > Bones and Joints > Flashcards

Bones and Joints Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately, how many bones make up the skeleton?

A

206

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2
Q

What is the prefix for bone?

A

Osteo-

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3
Q

What two groups are the bones in the body divided into?

A

Axial and appendicular

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4
Q

What is the axial part of the skeleton?

A

Central core

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5
Q

What is the appendicular part of the skeleton?

A

Limbs

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6
Q

What are the five types of bone?

A

Flat
Sesamoid
Long
Short
Irregular

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7
Q

Describe and state function of flat bones, using an example

A

Thin and large to provide protection for organs. E.g. Cranium protects the brain.

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8
Q

Describe and state function of sesamoid bones, using an example

A

Found within a tendon to reduce pressure when weight-bearing. E.g. Patella tendon

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9
Q

Describe and state function of long bones, using an example

A

Longer than they are wide, and are used to provide a lever for movement. E.g. Femur

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10
Q

Describe and state function of short bones, using an example

A

Found near joints, cuboid-like shape packed into a small space to provide support and stability. E.g. Carpels

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11
Q

Describe irregular bones, using an example

A

Bones that do not fit into any other category. E.g. Vertebrae

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12
Q

Cancellous bone

A

Honeycomb structure found at the end parts of bone (epiphysis)
Approximately 20%
Provides shock absorption
Has a good blood supply to provide nutrients

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13
Q

Compact bone

A

Outer shell - covered in periosteum
Found in the diaphysis (shaft of the bone)
Approximately 80%
Harder so better for protection

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14
Q

What are the five bone functions?

A

Provide structure
Provides protection
A lever for movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production

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15
Q

What does the prefix epi mean?

A

Upon

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16
Q

What does the prefix endo mean?

A

Within

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17
Q

What does the prefix peri mean?

A

Around

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18
Q

Fossa

A

Small depression, pit or cavity

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19
Q

Foramen

A

Hole or opening

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20
Q

Condyle

A

Large, round projection that usually articulates with another bone.

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21
Q

Notch

A

Depression between two prominences

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22
Q

Spine

A

Ridge/sharp, slender projection of a bone. E.g. spinal process of a vertebra

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23
Q

Process

A

Prominence

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24
Q

Tubercle

A

Small rounded prominence on a bone where connective tissues attach.

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25
Q

Tuberosity

A

A large rounded, or roughened, bony projection where connective tissues and muscles attach.

26
Q

Trochlea

A

Any pulley shaped structure

27
Q

What bone fracture is commonly seen with overuse injuries?

A

Hairline fractures

28
Q

What are the 6 types of joints?

A

Ball and socket
Hinge
Saddle
Pivot
Condyloid
Gliding

29
Q

Examples of a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder (glenohumeral) and hip (femoroacetabular)

30
Q

Examples of a hinge joint

A

Elbow, knee and ankle (talocrural)

31
Q

Example of a saddle joint

A

Thumb

32
Q

Examples of a pivot joint

A

Top of cervical spine and radio-ulna

33
Q

Example of a condyloid joint

A

Wrist (Radius and carpals)

34
Q

Examples of a gliding joint

A

Carpal (wrist) and subtalar (or talocalcaneal)

35
Q

Movement in hinge joints

A

1 axis

36
Q

Movement in pivot joint

A

1 axis

37
Q

Movement in condyloid joint

A

2 axes

38
Q

Movement in ball and socket joint

A

3 axes

39
Q

Movement in saddle joint

A

3 axes

40
Q

Movement in gliding joints

A

Translation

41
Q

Function of a ligament?

A

Connects bone to bone

42
Q

What does a ligament resist?

A

Abnormal movement

43
Q

What happens when a ligament is at limit of normal movement?

A

Become taught

44
Q

What does a ligament allow and guide?

A

Normal movement

45
Q

What does a ligament provide?

A

Joint stability

46
Q

What tissue is a ligament made of?

A

Collagen

47
Q

What is the blood supply like in a ligament and why is this important?

A

Poor blood supply so a slower recovery time

48
Q

What grade injuries can occur with a ligament?

A

Grade 1-3 sprain - Grade 3 is a complete tear

49
Q

Describe ligaments

A

Connect bone to bone and resist abnormal movement, At limit of normal movement is it taught and allows and guides normal movements, providing joint stability. Ligaments are made of collagen and have a poor blood supply. Injuries vary from a grade 1-3 sprain.

50
Q

What does a tendon connect?

A

Muscle to bone

51
Q

What is the structure of a tendon?

A

Aponeurosis, blend with periosteum (Aponeurosis is the part that attaches to the bone at the periosteum)

52
Q

What does a tendon allow and guide?

A

Normal movement

53
Q

What does a tendon provide?

A

Movement at the joint

54
Q

What tissue makes up a tendon?

A

Collagen

55
Q

What is the blood supply like at a tendon and why is this important?

A

Good blood supply from the mesotenon which allows for a quicker recovery time

56
Q

What do tendons contain?

A

Proprioceptors which detect changes in movement and GTO (Golgi tendon organs)

57
Q

What are the injuries associated at tendons?

A

Rupture, tendinitis and avulsion fracture (a lot of force through tendon causing bone to be ripped apart)

58
Q

Describe tendons

A

Connect muscle to bone, allows and guides normal movement and provides movement at the joint. Aponeurosis attaches to the bone at periosteum. Consists of collagen tissue and has a good blood supply from the mesotenon. Contains proprioceptors and GTO. Injuries: rupture, tendinitis and avulsion fracture.

59
Q

Articular cartilage

A

Found around joints and prevents friction between bones and provides shock absorbtion. Lubricated by synovial fluid

60
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Some shock absorption and provides joint stability. Open to injury: osteoarthritis.

61
Q

Bursae

A

Small fluid filled sacks
Reduce friction
Semi permeable so nutrients can diffuse in and out
Injury: bursitis

Structural Kinesiology (3 decks)

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