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Veterinary Nursing VN02 > Muscles and injection sites > Flashcards

Muscles and injection sites Flashcards

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1
Q

Define INTRINSIC MUSCLES

A

Muscles that lie within one area of the body only. They insert and attach in one specific area, e.g. the muscles of the head and skull

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2
Q

Define EXTRINSIC MUSCLES

A

Muscles that originate in one area of the body and insert in another, connecting the two parts e.g. the braciocephalicus muscle

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2
Q

Define a TENDON

A

Connects muscle to bone. Muscles are encased in fascia, and and the tendon is on the end of that fascia. Tendon is very tough as it has a lot of collagen

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3
Q

What are the different types of muscle contraction?

A

Concentric
Eccentric
Isometric

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3
Q

Define a LIGAMENT

A

Connects bone to bone. Very tough and fibrous - they also help to keep tendons in place

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4
Q

Describe concentric muscle contraction

A

When a muscle is actively shortening e.g. when lifting an object in a bicep curl - the arm is flexing and closing the angle of the joint

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5
Q

Describe eccentric muscle contraction

A

When the muscle is actively lengthening, but the lengthening is controlled, e.g. placing something down in a controlled way

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6
Q

Define FASCIA

A

A thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds organs, muscles and bone.

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7
Q

Describe isometric muscle contraction

A

Where the muscle is actively held at a fixed length e.g. carrying something out in front of you, your arm is neither raising or lowering and is stable

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8
Q

What is the name of the compound that muscles use for fuel?

A

Adenasine triphosphate

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9
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue found in the body?

A

Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth

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10
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Any muscle that is connected to the skeleton - they attach to bones or skin and control conscious locomotion. The muscles are long and cylindrical, and have a striated appearance under the microscope, due to the regular arrangement of actin and myosin. The muscles have multiple nuclei

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11
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A

Occurs in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestine, stomach and urinary bladder, and around passages such as the respiratory tract
It is involuntary, has no striations, and only one nucleus per cell

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12
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A

Found only in the heart. Involuntary. Contractions of this muscle pump blood around the body and maintain blood pressure. Striated, with one nucleus per cell. Distinguished by the presence of intercalculated discs.

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13
Q

What are voluntary muscles?

A

Ones that can be controlled consciously, or voluntarily, such as skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Define ACTIN

A

An abundant intracellular protein. Plays an important roll in muscle contractions, cell movements, controlling cell shape, and architecture. Works with myosin

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15
Q

Define MYOSIN

A

Works with actin. An intracellular protein that converts ATP to mechanical energy, thereby generating force and movement. Also plays a pivotal role in cell motility and muscle contraction

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16
Q

What stimulates a skeletal muscle to contract?

A

Nerve impulses to the muscle fibres. The number of nerves supplying a muscle or group depends on its function

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16
Q

What is a bundle of nerves called?

A

A motor unit

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17
Q

Define an AXON

A

The transmission lines of the nervous system. As bundles, they form nerves

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18
Q

Define INTERCALCULATED DISCS

A

Structures that connect adjacent cardiac cells. Bound together by desmosomes, and connected by gap junctions

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19
Q

Define DESMOSOMES

A

Intercellular junctions that mediate cell to cell adhesion. They do not allow the transfer of materials

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20
Q

Define GAP JUNCTIONS

A

Clusters of channels that form tunnels of aqueous connectivity between cells. They allow the transfer of materials

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21
Q

How many groups can the muscles of the head and skull be split into?

A

5

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22
Q

What are the 5 groups of muscles in the skull/head?

A

The muscles of expression
The muscles pf mastication
The muscles of the eye
The muscles of the tongue, pharynx and larynx
The extrinsic muscles of the head

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23
Q

Describe the muscles of expression

A

These intrinsic muscles control the mouth, eyes, and ears

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24
Q

Describe the muscles of mastication

A

There are 4 in total, and all are intrinsic to the head.
The temporal muscle, the masseter muscle, the digastricus and the lateral and medial pterygoid muscles

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25
Q

Describe the muscles of the eye

A

These are all intrinsic

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26
Q

Describe the muscles of the tongue, pharynx and larynx

A

Extrinsic, and help with mastication and deglutition.

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27
Q

What is an important point to remember about nervous tissue?

A

Once damaged, it cannot be repaired.

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28
Q

Define MASTICATION

A

The process of chewing

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29
Q

Define DEGLUTITION

A

The process of swallowing

30
Q

Define the PHARYNX

A

Behind the mouth and in front of the oesophagus, the throat. Where the digestive and respiratory systems cross over

31
Q

Define the LARYNX

A

A cartilaginous structure that opens and closes to control airflow through the trachea. Located near the top of the trachea, made up of cartilage and muscles. Includes the vocal cords.

32
Q

Give an example of an extrinsic muscle of the head

A

The brachiocephalicus muscle

33
Q

Describe the temporal muscle

A

One of the muscles of mastication. Helps to close the jaw

34
Q

Describe the masseter muscle

A

One of the muscles of mastication. Helps to close the jaw

35
Q

Describe the digastricus muscle

A

One of the muscles of mastication. Opens the jaw and aids with swallowing

36
Q

Describe the medial and lateral pterygoids

A

One of the muscles of mastication. Move the jaw side to side. Not used much in carnivores, much more prominent in herbivores.

37
Q

What are the two vertebral muscles?

A

Hypaxial muscles and epaxial muscles

38
Q

Describe epaxial muscles

A

These sit above the vertebral column, running dorsally to the transverse processes. They attach to the pelvis, sacrum, vertebrae and ribs, and are varying lengths. They support the spine, the weight of the head, neck and tail, with the action of extending the vertebral column.

39
Q

Is it better to inject into an overused or underused muscle?

A

Underused. They are less fibrous and tough and therefore less painful. Epaxial muscles are good sites for IM injection

40
Q

Describe hypaxial muscles

A

Sit below the vertebral column, running ventrally to the transverse processes. Do not offer support to the head and neck. They act to bend the neck and flex the lumbar spine

41
Q

What are intercostal muscles?

A

The muscles that run between adjacent ribs. Help to form the wall of the thoracic cavity, helping with breathing and respiration. There are both internal and external intercostals

42
Q

What is the role of internal intercostal muscles?

A

Opposite function to external intercostal muscles. Help with expirations. They push the ribs apart.

43
Q

What is the role of external intercostal muscles?

A

Opposite function to internal intercostals, they help with inspiration, and draw the ribs together

44
Q

Define the DIAPHRAGM

A

The thin, domed shaped, unpaired muscle that sits below the lungs and heart. Attached to the sternum and the ventral surface of the lumbar vertebrae by a pair of thickened muscle bands called crura.

45
Q

Define CRURA

A

Thickened muscle bands that connect the diaphragm to the ventral lumbar vertebrae and prevent the abdominal muscles entering the thoracic cavity

46
Q

What are the three hiatuses in the diaphragm?

A

The post caval hiatus/caval foramen
The oesophageal hiatus
The aortic hiatus

47
Q

What passes through the post caval hiatus/caval foramen in the diaphragm?

A

The caudal vena cava, which is a major vein

48
Q

What passes through the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm?

A

The oesophagus and the vagus nerve

49
Q

What passes through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm?

A

The aorta (a major vein), the thoracic duct (part of the circulatory system) and the azygos and hemizygos veins

50
Q

What is a hiatus hernia?

A

A largening of a hiatus. If this occurs in any of the hiatuses of the diaphragm, it can cause the contents of the abdominal cavity to be let into the thoracic cavity.
Not Good!

51
Q

Define HIATUS

A

An opening, slit or gap that allows structures to pass through

52
Q

Define FORAMEN

A

An opening or hole through tissue, usually bone

53
Q

Define the VAGUS NERVE

A

The longest nerve of the autonomic nervous system. Controls involuntary bodily functions

54
Q

Define the THORACIC DUCT

A

The primary channel for the return of lymph from most of the body (except the right thoracic limb, shoulder and cervical region)

55
Q

Define the AZYGOS VEIN

A

A vein that transports deoxygenated blood from the posterior walls of the thorax and abdomen into the superior vena cava. It runs up the right side of the thoracic vertebral column

56
Q

Define HEMIAZYGOS VEIN

A

The left sided equivalent of the azygos vein

57
Q

What are the muscles of the forelimb?

A

The trapezius muscle, the latissimus dorsi, the brachiocephalicus muscle, the triceps brachii, the biceps brachii, and the supraspinatus and infraspinatus

58
Q

Describe the trapezius muscle

A

A muscle of the forelimb. A trapezium shape, it elevates the shoulder and draws the forelimb forward

59
Q

Describe the latissimus dorsi

A

A muscle of the forelimb. Draws the leg back and helps to hold the forelimb in place via synsarcosis

60
Q

Define SYNSARCOSIS

A

The junction of two or more bones by means of attached muscles

61
Q

Describe the brachiocephalicus muscle

A

A muscle of the forelimb. Acts to extend the shoulder and enables the head to move from side to side

62
Q

Describe the triceps brachii

A

A muscle of the forelimb. Acts to extend the elbow and flexes the shoulder

62
Q

Describe the biceps brachii

A

A muscle of the forelimb. Opposite effect of the triceps brachii. They contract the elbow, and extend the shoulder

62
Q

Define RADIAL TUBEROSCITY

A

A medial eminence of the radius. Serves as an attachment point for the biceps brachii

63
Q

Describe the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles

A

A muscle of the forelimb. Separated by the spinous process of the scapula. They extend the should and help to stabilise the shoulder joint.

64
Q

What are the muscles of the hind limb?

A

The quadriceps femoris, the biceps femoris, the semitendinosus, the semimembranosus, and the gastrocnemius

65
Q

Describe the quariceps femoris

A

A muscle of the hindlimb. Acts to extend the stifle. It sits on the craniolateral aspect of the thigh

66
Q

Describe the biceps femoris

A

A muscle of the hindlimb. Acts to extend the stifle

67
Q

Describe the semitendinosus muscle

A

A muscle of the hindlimb. Acts to extend the hip and the hock

67
Q

Describe the semimembranosus muscle

A

A muscle of the hindlimb. Acts to extend the hip and the stifle

68
Q

Describe the gastrocnemius muscle

A

A muscle of the hindlimb. Acts to extend the hock and flex the stifle

68
Q

What are some of the muscles that are suitable for IM injection?

A

The lumbar epaxial muscles, the biceps femoris, the quadriceps femoris, the triceps

69
Q

What is best practice for giving an IM injection?

A
  • have the animal firmly restrained in a standing position
  • stabilise the muscle
  • push the needle into the muscle at a right angle
  • pull the plunger back to ensure it is not in a blood vessel
  • if it is not, inject slowly
  • rub the injected area, and dispose of the sharp and the syringe
70
Q

What is the total amount that can be given to a cat per IM injection site?

A

2ml per injection site

71
Q

What is the total amount that can be given to a dog per IM injection site?

A

5ml per injection site

Veterinary Nursing VN02 (11 decks)

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