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Veterinary Nursing VN02 > Cellular microscopy 2: blood cells, urine cells and parasites > Flashcards

Cellular microscopy 2: blood cells, urine cells and parasites Flashcards

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1
Q

Define ERYTHOCYTES

A

Red blood cells. They are small, biconcave discs found in the blood. They have NO NUCLEUS

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2
Q

Roughly how many erythrocytes are there per ml?

A

5-8 million

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3
Q

What is the main function of erythrocytes?

A

To oxygenate tissues

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4
Q

What are the two different ways to measure haemoglobin levels in the blood?

A

Using a pulse oximeter
Arterial blood gas analysis (using an EPOC machine)

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5
Q

What is the size of an average erythrocyte?

A

7 micrometres

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6
Q

Where does destruction of erythrocytes happen?

A

In the spleen and the liver. Part of the erythrocyte is preserved and reused and the waste pigment is broken down

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7
Q

What is important to remember about canine red blood cells?

A

They are paler than cat erythrocytes when viewed under a microscope

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8
Q

Define PLASMA

A

The fluid component of blood, where RBCs are found

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9
Q

Define HAEMOLYSIS

A

The destruction of red blood cells

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10
Q

What are possible causes of haemolysis?

A

Possibly disease (such as IMHA)
Poor blood sampling technique (e.g. using too small a needle or shaking the sample tube)

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11
Q

Define CRENATE

A

The shrinking/shrivelling of red blood cells. Presence of a lot of crenation could indicate pathology and should be reported to a vet

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12
Q

Define ANAEMIA

A

Lack of red blood cells

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12
Q

What is the average lifespan of an erythrocyte?

A

120 days in circulation

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13
Q

Define a LEUCOCYTE

A

A general term for all white blood cells. Have a lifespan of around 21 days, and are larger than erythrocytes. They are split into granular and agranular cells initially and then further identified

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14
Q

Define GRANULOCYTES

A

Make up 70% of all leucocytes. They have visible granules when stained, and generally have irregularly shaped nuclei

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15
Q

What general shape is the nucleus of a granulocyte?

A

They are polymorphonuclear, and have irregularly shaped nuclei

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16
Q

What percentage of all leucocytes are granulocytes?

A

Around 70%

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17
Q

What are the most common types of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils

18
Q

Define EOSINOPHILS

A

Make up between 2-10% of all circulating leucocytes, they help to inhibit allergic response and secrete anti-inflammatory substances in response to parasitic infections. They have a BILOBE NUCLEUS

19
Q

What is the role of an eosinophil?

A

They help to inhibit allergic response and secrete anti-inflammatory substances in response to parasitic infections

20
Q

Define EOSINOPHILIA

A

An increase in eosinophils

21
Q

Define EOSINOPENIA

A

A decrease in eosinophils. Very rare but still difficult to identify due to their low numbers anyway

22
Q

What does the suffix ‘phil’ mean?

A

Literally means ‘loving’

23
Q

What does the suffix penia mean?

A

To lack, or have a deficiency

24
Q

Define a BASOPHIL

A

They are very rare and make up only 0.5-1% of all circulating leucocytes. They release histamine and heparin and are generally since in allergic reactions. Have an ELONGATED NUCLEUS

25
Q

What colour do basophils stain?

A

Blue

26
Q

Define NEUTROPHILS

A

Make up 60-70% of all circulating leucocytes, with their presence indicating infection. Have a MANY LOBED NUCLEUS.
Often pale, as they do not stain well

27
Q

Define NEUTROPENIA

A

A decrease in neutrophils, likely due to a chronic bacterial infection that is too strong

28
Q

Define NEUTROPHILIA

A

An increase in neutrophils, likely in response to infection

29
Q

What are immature neutrophils referred to as?

A

Band form neutrophils. They have a HORSESHOE SHAPED NUCLEUS

29
Q

Why would you see the presence of band form neutrophils?

A

Sometimes released early from bone marrow in response to chronic infection

30
Q

What colour do eosinophils stain?

A

They easily take on eosin, and stain red

31
Q

Define AGRANULOCYTES

A

White blood cells with no visible granules (except large lymphocytes). They have uniformly shaped nuclei

32
Q

What are some examples of agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes and lymphocytes

33
Q

Define LYMPHOYCYTES

A

Make up around 30% of circulating leucocytes. They are responsible for active immunity, and are important for the immune response. They have a LARGE UNIFORM NUCLEUS that fills most of the cell

34
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

Small lymphocytes and large lymphocytes

35
Q

Define ANTIBODIES

A

Also called immunoglobin. Used by the immune system to identify and neutralise foreign objects such as pathogenic bacteria and viruses

36
Q

Define SMALL LYMPHOCYTES

A

Divided in to B and T cells. They both allow for adaptive immune response to infectious agents
- T cells undergo phagocytosis
- B cells create antibodies. They are linked to antigens and are bacteria/virus specific

37
Q

Define LARGE LYMPHOCYTES

A

Often granular, referred to as natural killer cells. They identify and destroy body cells that have become infected or are no longer functional

38
Q

Define LYMPHOPHILIA

A

An increased number of lymphocytes

39
Q

Define PHAGOCYTIC

A

A cell that carries out a lot of phagocytosis is phagocytic

39
Q

Define LYMPHOPENIA

A

A decreased number of lymphocytes. May be seen in stressed animals - the presence of cortisol can supress the immune system

39
Q

Define MONOCYTES

A

Make up 5-6% of circulating leucocytes. They are the largest of the leucocytes. They spend a short time in circulation and then migrate to the tissue to become macrophages. They are only seen in cases of infection that cannot be resolved by neutrophils/ Have a BIOLOBED NUCLEUS

40
Q

Define MACROPHAGES

A

They sit stable and dormant in tissue until needed. They phagocytose bacteria and secrete pro inflammatory and antimicrobial mediators

Veterinary Nursing VN02 (11 decks)

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