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Veterinary Nursing VN02 > MRI, CT, scintigraphy, ultrasonography and endoscopy > Flashcards

MRI, CT, scintigraphy, ultrasonography and endoscopy Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe computed tomography

A

Uses x-radiation to produce highly detailed cross sectional images of patient tissues and skeletal structures

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2
Q

What is the basis of CT?

A

X-radiation. Previously it had very high dose rates, but these have been reduced with advancements and the level of exposure is now similar to that of conventional xrays

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3
Q

What is the Hounsfield scale?

A

A quantitative measure of radiographic density that can be applied to medical CT scanning. It is based on the radiodensity of both water and air at standard temperature and pressure

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4
Q

Describe magnetic resonance imaging

A

Combines the use of magnetism and radio energy. Very sensitive and good for picking up minute changes in tissues that could indicate the start of tumours. Patients lie in the middle of a large circular magnetised tube and the machine emits radio waves. These radiowaves disorientate the body’s protons and disrupts them . This can then be picked up by the MRI machine and an image can be formed

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5
Q

What is the basis of MRI?

A

Magnets and radiowaves

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6
Q

What is a vital part of MRI in terms of patients?

A

The patient must be fully anaesthetised

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7
Q

What percentage of a neonate’s body is made up of water?

A

80%

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8
Q

What percentage of an adult’s body is made up of water?

A

60%

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9
Q

What are some of the key uses of MRI?

A
  • very good for soft tissue
  • monitoring progression of brain tumours
  • monitoring the success of radiotherapy
  • planning surgery
  • identifying soft tissue lesions
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10
Q

What are some drawbacks of MRI?

A

The patient must be fully anaesthetised for the procedure and it is very expensive

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11
Q

Define SCINTIGRAPHY

A

A technique in which a detector substance is used with a radioactive tracer to obtain an image of an organ or a record of its functioning. The pictures are not detailed, and instead it relies on use of the bodies normal physiology to produce an image

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12
Q

What type of radiation is used in scintigraphy?

A

Gamma radiation - further down the electromagnetic spectrum than x-radiation and potentially more dangerous

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13
Q

Define ISOTOPE

A

One of two or more atoms with the same atomic number but with different numbers of neutrons (they may have different weights)

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14
Q

Define RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPE

A

An isotope with an unstable nucleus that decomposes spontaneously (radioactive decay) by emission of radiation until it is stable. Alpha, beta and gamma radiation may be produced

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15
Q

Define HALF LIFE

A

The time taken for half of the nuclei within an isotope to undergo radioactive decay

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16
Q

What is the half life of iodine 131?

A

8.02 days, meaning the substance will not fully leaving the patient’s system for over 16 days, which can cause problems

17
Q

Define GAMMA RADIATION

A

A member of the electromagnetic spectrum that is similar to x-radiation but with shorter wavelengths, meaning it is higher frequency and higher energy

18
Q

Define a RADIONUCLIDE

A

The radioactive isotope which can be used within medical procedures Iodine 131 and Technetium 99m are examples

19
Q

What is a common radionuclide for thyroid studies?

A

Iodine 131

20
Q

Define a RADIOPHARMACEUTICAL

A

The combination of a radionuclide with a marker. This is the substance injected into the patient in order to conduct scintigraphy

21
Q

Define a MARKER in relation to scintigraphy

A

A compound that is combined with the radionuclide - it is attracted toward certain tissues in the body e.g. HDP will target bone

22
Q

What are some of the key safety precautions that must be considered with scintigraphy?

A
  • the premises must be registered for the holding and use of radioactive material
  • specific areas are required for the storage and preparation of radioactive materials
  • personnel should only enter radioactive areas where necessary
  • waterproof gloves must be worn to avoid ingestion and the radionuclides should be drawn up behind a lead barrier, into lead lined syringes
  • patient’s must be isolated for at least 24 hours following treatment. They should have a dedicated nurse and no contact
23
Q

How should solid radioactive waste be disposed of?

A

Put into marked bags for incineration
Used bedding can be stored in a safe area until radioactive material has sufficiently depleted (usually at least 3 days, radionuclide dependent)

24
Q

How should liquid radioactive waste be disposed of?

A

Must be diluted with water.

25
Q

How should gaseous radioactive waste be disposed of?

A

Ventilation should be good. Gaseous waste can be vented into the atmosphere around the building

26
Q

How long should a patient be isolated for following scintigraphy?

A

24 hours, with a dedicated nurse and no contact

27
Q

What are the applications of nuclear medicine?

A

Assesses the physiological function or activity of a particularly organ system, with very limited information of the morphology and anatomy

28
Q

Define METASTESES

A

The spread of cancer cells

29
Q

Define PRIMARY BONE TUMOUR

A

The first tumour, which will then release satellite tumours, which become metastases once they are embedded

29
Q

Define OSTEOMYELITIS

A

The bacterial inflammation of bone

30
Q

What are some specific uses of scintigraphy?

A
  • viewing the GI tract, specifically oesophageal ulceration
    -motility studies (although BIPS do the same thing and are much safer)
  • detection of portosystemic shunts
  • early detection of osteosarcoma
  • detection of osteomyelitis
  • assessment of thyroid function
31
Q

What are some treatment options for cats with hyperthyroid?

A
  • surgical removal (a thyroidectomy - can be difficult to remove the entire gland and prevent it from coming back)
  • medication (often ineffective)
  • radioactive iodine treatment
32
Q

What is used to detect radiation from isotope decay?

A

A gamma camera

33
Q

What are some requirements for using a radioactive isotope?

A
  • a good, patent IV catheter
  • sufficient PPE –> at least two pairs of gloves and a lead apron with a disposable one over the top
  • a designated, well signed area for patients
  • minimal handling of patients during and after the procedure
  • isolation facilities
  • a lot of operator training
  • correct disposal of radioactive waste

Veterinary Nursing VN02 (11 decks)

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