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Psychobiology > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Do SMOOTH MUSCLES contract rapidly or slowly?

A

Slowly

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2
Q

True or False: SMOOTH MUSCLE is strongly dependent on the nervous system.

A

FALSE, smooth muscle is NOT dependent on the nervous system.

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3
Q

True or False: SMOOTH MUSCLE is automatic and involuntary.

A

TRUE

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4
Q

Where is CARDIAC MUSCLE found?

A

The HEART

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5
Q

Does CARDIAC MUSCLE contract rapidly or slowly?

A

SLOWLY

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6
Q

True or False: CARDIAC MUSCLE is not strongly dependent upon the nervous system.

A

TRUE

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7
Q

True or False: SKELETAL MUSCLE is involved in the movement of the tongue and eyes.

A

TRUE

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8
Q

These MUSCLES react QUICKLY, they are VOLUNTARY and strongly DEPENDENT UPON the NERVOUS SYSTEM.

A

Skeletal Muscles

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9
Q

What are the FOUR (4) types of SKELETAL MUSCLES?

A

Flexors
Extensor
Antagonist
Agonist

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10
Q

These SKELETAL MUSCLES act to BEND digits, limbs and body.

A

Flexors

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11
Q

These SKELETAL MUSCLES act to STRAIGHTEN out digits, limbs and body.

A

Extensors

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12
Q

FLEXOR skeletal muscles REACT more _________ than do EXTENSOR muscles which react _________.

A 
Flexor = RAPIDLY 
Extensor = SLOWLY
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13
Q

True or False: extensor muscles can maintain contraction longer than flexor muscles.

A

TRUE

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14
Q

EXTENSORS are also called ___________ muscles bc its ACTION OPPOSES the pull of GRAVITY and maintains upright position.

A

Antigravity

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15
Q

What are ANTAGONIST MUSCLES?

A

Contraction of one muscle causes another muscle to stretch.

Fig. 8.10 p. 203

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16
Q

What are AGONIST MUSCLES?

A

When muscles CONTRACT TOGETHER in a given body movement requiring several flexor muscles.

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17
Q

This is the CNS ARRANGEMENT where the AGONIST muscle is EXCITED and its ANTAGONIST is INHIBITED.

A

Reciprocal Innervation

Fig. 8.15 p. 206

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18
Q

This is a SINGLE NERVE CELL and all of the muscle cells it contracts.

A

Motor Unit

Fig. 8.9 p. 202

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19
Q

Where are SMOOTH MUSCLES found?

A

In viscera

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20
Q

This is the RATIO BETWEEN NUMBER of nerve cell AXONS in a motor nerve and NUMBER of MUSCLE CELLS in the muscle it supplies.

A

Innervation Ratio

See Notes For Example

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21
Q

What is the INNERVATION RATIO of GROSS MOVEMENT of the TRUNK?

A

1:50

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22
Q

What is the INNERVATION RATIO of REFINED MOVEMENT of the FACE?

A

1:3

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23
Q

What does the SIZE of a MOTOR UNIT depend upon?

A

The KIND OF RESPONSE the muscle will be called to perform.

24
Q

What is the NEUROTRANSMITTER that is released at the NEUROMUSCULAR JUNCTION?

A

Acetylcholine (ACH)

25
Q

This REFLEX is the CONTRACTION of EXTENSOR muscles in response to a more GRADUAL STRETCHING from the pull of GRAVITY.

A

Stretch Reflex

*Fig. 8.13 p. 205

26
Q

The CENTRAL SENSORY AREA of the INTRAFUSAL FIBER consists of a _____________ filled with cell nuclei SURROUNDED BY a ___________ area of LYMPH SPACES.

A

Nuclear Bag

Myotube

27
Q

What is the name of the AREA of the INTRAFUSAL FIBER that consists of a NUCLEAR BAG and the MYOTUBE AREA?

A

Sensory Area

28
Q

What part of the SENSORY REGION contains SECONDARY FLOWER SPRAY ENDINGS?

A

Myotube

29
Q

The MYOTUBE contains __________________, which are RECEPTORS STIMULATED BY PRESSURE and INHIBIT STRETCH REFLEX.

A

Secondary Flower Spray Endings

30
Q

This ORGAN registers TOTAL TENSION in the TENDON.

A

Golgi Tendon Organ

31
Q

The GOLGI TENDON ORGAN is STIMULATED by ___________ and/or __________.

A

Stretching

Contraction of EXTRAFUSAL muscle fibers from EXTERNAL PULL on tendon.

32
Q

What action does the GOLGI TENDON ORGAN inhibit?

A

Stretch Reflex

33
Q

IMPULSES of the TRUNK and LIMBS originate in area ___ and pass down to the _________.

A

4

Medulla

34
Q

In regards to TRUNK and LIMBS, what percent of FIBERS of the PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM cross over in the MEDULLA?

A

80%

35
Q

What do the 80% of FIBERS of the TRUNK and LIMBS that cross over in the MEDULLA make up?

A

The Lateral Corticospinal Tract

36
Q

In regards to TRUNK and LIMBS, what percent of FIBERS of the PYRAMIDAL SYSTEM stay on the SAME SIDE?

A

20%

37
Q

The 20% of the TRUNK and LIMB FIBERS that remain on the same side make up the ____________.

A

Ventral Corticospinal Tract

38
Q

Where do the fibers of the TRUNK and LIMBS terminate?

A

Ventral Horn

39
Q

Fibers of the TRUNK and LIMBS synapse with ____________.

A

Alpha Motor Neurons

40
Q

Impulses of the FACE and HEAD originate in area ___ and pass down ____________.

A

Cranial Nerve Nuclei V, VII, X and XII

41
Q

Impulses of the FACE and HEAD terminate in CRANIAL NERVE NUCLEI V, VII, X and XII by way of the _______________.

A

Corticalbulbar Tract

42
Q

What do fibers of the FACE and HEAD synapse with?

A

Alpha Motor Neurons

43
Q

What is the result of DAMAGE to AREA 4?

A

Flaccid Paralysis

44
Q

What is FLACCID PARALYSIS?

A

MUSCLES remain NORMAL TONE but are POORLY CONTROLLED.

45
Q

True or False: flaccid paralysis is severe in extremities and the animal is not capable of gross movement.

A

FALSE,

Flaccid paralysis is severe in extremities BUT animal is still CAPABLE of GROSS MOVEMENT.

46
Q

This is responsible for VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT.

A

Pyramidal System

47
Q

This is responsible for COORDINATION of MOVEMENT.

A

Extrapyramidal System

48
Q

What FIVE (5) BRAIN areas are involved in the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM?

A 
Area 6 of Broadman's Classification 
Cerebellum 
Basal Ganglia 
Red Nucleus of the Midbrain 
Descending Reticular Formation
49
Q

What THREE (3) SPINAL CORD TRACTS are involved in the EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SYSTEM?

A

Rubrosoinal Tract
Reticulospinal Tract
Vestibulospinal Tract

50
Q

What is the result of DAMAGE to AREA 6?

A

Spastic Paralysis

51
Q

What is SPASTIC PARALYSIS?

A

The EXTENSOR MUSCLES are continually contracted.

52
Q

What is the most important factor in coordinated movement?

A

Inhibition or Restraint

53
Q

This TREMOR develops when a person holds hands/head still but not when making a skilled movement or sleep.

A

Tremor at Rest

54
Q

This TREMOR appears ONLY when a SKILLED MOVEMENT is made and disappears when hands/head are at rest.

A

Intention Tremor

55
Q

The area of the brain affected when TREMOR at REST occurs is ___________.

A

Basil Ganglia

56
Q

The area of the brain that is affected when INTENTION TREMOR is present is ___________.

A

Cerebellum

Psychobiology (25 decks)

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