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Psychobiology > Audition > Flashcards

Audition Flashcards

0
Q

True or False: Sound waves can never be analyzed into simple components.

A

FALSE, no matter how complex sound waves are, they CAN BE ANALYZED into SIMPLE COMPONENTS.

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1
Q

These are the STIMULI for HEARING.

A

Sound Waves

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2
Q

This is a SIMPLE FORM of SOUND WAVE into which complex sounds can be analyzed.

A

Sine Waves

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3
Q

Each SINE WAVE has TWO (2) aspects ___________ and _________.

A

Intensity

Frequency

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4
Q

FREQUENCIES that are involved in HUMAN HEARING are between ____ and ____cps.

A

20 and 20,000

Fig 7.3 & 7.4 p.165

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5
Q

What are the THREE (3) parts of the AUDITORY SYSTEM?

A

External Ear
Middle Ear
Inner Ear

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6
Q

What are the THREE (3) parts of the EXTERNAL EAR?

A

Pinna
External Auditory Meatus
Tympanic Membrane

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7
Q

This part of the EXTERNAL EAR COLLECTS SOUND WAVES.

A

Pinna

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8
Q

This is a CANAL of the EXTERNAL EAR that runs FROM the PINNA inward.

A

External Auditory Meatus.

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9
Q

This part of the EXTERNAL EAR SEPARATES the EXTERNAL ear FROM the MIDDLE ear.

A

Tympanic Membrane

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10
Q

The TYMPANIC MEMBRANE is also known as the _________.

A

Eardrum

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11
Q

The MIDDLE EAR is comprised of what FOUR (4) major parts?

A

Ossicles
Oval Window
Muscles
Eustacian Tube

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12
Q

This part of the MIDDLE EAR is comprised of SMALL BONES.

A

Ossicles

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13
Q

This OSSICLE is ATTACHED to the UPPER PART of the TYMPANIC MEMBRANE. (Also known as hammer)

A

Malleus

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14
Q

The MALLEUS fits inside of the SOCKET of this OSSICLE. (Also known as ANVIL)

A

Incus

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15
Q

The small FOOT OF the INCUS ARTICULATES with this OSSICLE. (Also known as the STIRRUP)

A

Stapes

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16
Q

The FOOT OF the STAPES fits tightly into THIS MEMBRANE that SEPARATES the MIDDLE EAR from the INNER EAR.

A

Oval Window

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17
Q

Name the TWO (2) MUSCLES of the MIDDLE EAR.

A

Stapedius Muscle

Tensor Tympani Muscle

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18
Q

This MIDDLE EAR MUSCLE is ATTACHED to the STAPES NEAR its joint with the INCUS.

A

Stapedius Muscle

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19
Q

The STAPEDIUS MUSCLE DAMPENS the MOVEMENT of the STAPES, REDUCING _______________.

A

Amplitude of Vibration

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20
Q

This MIDDLE EAR MUSCLE is ATTACHED to the MALLEUS.

A

Tensor Tympani Muscle

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21
Q

This PART of the MIDDLE EAR CONNECTS the CAVITY of the middle ear to the MOUTH. It functions to EQUALIZE PRESSURE of ear cavity with outside air.

A

Eustacian Tube

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22
Q

The INNER EAR is comprised of the __________, _________ and _________.

A

Cochlea
Semicircular Canals
Vestibular Sacs

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23
Q

This part of the INNER EAR is the PRIMARY RECEPTOR organ of HEARING.

A

Cochlea

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24
Q

In the HUMAN EAR, the COCHLEA turns ____ times.

A

2 & 3/4 times

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25
Q

The BROAD END of the COCHLEA is called the ______.

A

Base

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26
Q

The NARROW TERMINAL END of the COCHLEA is called the ______.

A

Apex

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27
Q

The CAVITY of the COCHLEA is DIVIDED into what THREE (3) CANALS?

A

Scala VESTIBULI
Scala MEDIA
Scala TYMPANI

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28
Q

Separating the SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA MEDIA is the ___________.

A

Reissner’s Membrane

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29
Q

Between the SCALA MEDIA and the SCALA TYMPANI is the ___________.

A

Basilar Membrane

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30
Q

This is located at the BASE OF the SCALA VESTIBULI.

A

Oval Window

see illustration in notes

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31
Q

This is located at the BASE of the SCALA TYMPANI.

A

Round Window

see illustration in notes

32
Q

The SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA TYMPANI COMMUNICATE through the ____________ AT the APEX of the cochlea.

A

Helicotrema

33
Q

The SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA TYMPANI contain FLUID called ________.

A

Perilymph

34
Q

The SCALA MEDIA contains FLUID called ___________.

A

Endolymph

35
Q

The ORGAN OF CORTI is composed of ____________ plus TWO (2) MEMBRANES; ____________ and __________.

A

Hair Cells
Basilar Membrane
Tectorial Membrane

36
Q

These are SPECIALIZED EPITHELIAL CELL-NEURON COMBINATIONS mounted IN BASILAR MEMBRANE and TECTORIAL MEMBRANE.

A

Auditory Receptor Hair Cells

37
Q

True or False: When pressure is exerted on the under surface of the basilar membrane, both the basilar & tectorial membrane move together.

A

TRUE

38
Q

True or False: because of their different sites of attachment have different axes of rotation forcing the two membrane to slide across one another in a shearing motion.

A

TRUE

39
Q

True or False: the shearing action initiates a generation of nerve impulses in the auditory component of cranial nerve X.

A

FALSE, it initiates a generation of nerve impulses in the auditory component of CRANIAL NERVE VIII (8)

FIG. 7.5 p.166

40
Q

List the SEQUENCE OF EVENTS leading to TRANSDUCTION. (5)

A
  1. ) Movement of FLUID
  2. ) Movement of MEMBRANES
  3. ) MEMBRANES SLIDE across one another
  4. ) SHEARING ACTION
  5. ) TRANSDUCTION
41
Q

NERVE FIBERS that INNERVATE the HAIR CELLS have their bodies in the ____________.

A

Cochlear Ganglion

42
Q

The COCHLEAR GANGLION is LOCATED in the inner wall of the ___________.

A

Cochlea

43
Q

This is when the MUSCLES OF THE MIDDLE EAR CONTRACT in response to moderately LOUD SOUNDS.

A

Tympanic Reflex

44
Q

The TYMPANIC REFLEX has a PROTECTIVE FUNCTION and is GREATEST with ___________ sounds.

A

Low Frequency

45
Q

TINNITUS is a continual RINGING SOUND resulting from continuos _________ stimulation.

A

Low Grade

46
Q

When EARS are MISMATCHED for PITCH, it is called ___________.

A

Displacusis

47
Q

DISPLACUSIS is also known as ____________.

A

Tone Deafness

48
Q

True or False: DIPLACUSIS is true deafness.

A

FALSE, DIPLACUSIS is NOT a true type of deafness.

49
Q

This occurs when there is DAMAGE to RECEPTORS OF AUDITORY NERVE.

A

Nerve Deafness

50
Q

Cases of NERVE DEAFNESS typically show LOSSES of SENSITIVITY in restricted range of frequencies or losses of ________ frequency.

A

High

51
Q

This occurs when CALCIFICATION of the OSSICLES cause them to be IMPEDED.

A

Conduction

52
Q

With CONDUCTION, the AUDIOGRAM REFLECTS CHANGE in ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD by up to ___ or ___ decibels.

A

40 or 50

53
Q

This is the method of MEASURING hearing ability and DEAFNESS.

A

Audiogram

54
Q

What are the THREE (3) THEORIES of PITCH?

A

Volley Theory
Place Theory
Traveling Wave Theory

55
Q

The OVICOCHLEAR BUNDLE goes FROM the _____________ back to the ear and INHIBITS INCOMING sensory INFORMATION FROM the EAR.

A

Superior Olive

56
Q

The _____________ is involved in the phenomenon of SENSORY GATING.

A

OVICOCHLEAR BUNDLE

57
Q

The OVICOCHLEAR BUNDLE is ___________ in function.

A

Efferent (motor)

58
Q

This THEORY of PITCH was proposed by RUTHERFORD and holds that a sound of ___ cps would cause axons to fire 50 times per second.

A

50

59
Q

In regards to the VOLLEY THEORY, WEAVER and BRAY claimed that the AUDITORY NERVE can fire ____ cps because different NEURONS ALTERNATE.

A

4,000

60
Q

According to the VOLLEY THEORY, WEAVER and BRAY held that there are ___ SETS of NEURONS in the AUDITORY NERVE.

A

4

61
Q

____________ SAW the entire COCHLEA as a TELEPHONE.

A

RUTHERFORD

62
Q

____________ believed that the MEMBRANE MIMICS the INCOMING SOUNDS and that DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES are CODED into pitch BY PRODUCING DIFFERENT FREQUENCIES of nerve impulses.

A

Rutherford

63
Q

The PLACE THEORY was PRODUCED BY _____________.

A

HELMHOLTZ

64
Q

The ___________ THEORY proposed that the BASILAR MEMBRANE is a SELECTIVE RESONATOR that RESPONDS in DIFFERENT LOCATIONS depending on the frequency.

A

Place Theory

65
Q

The TRAVELING WAVE THEORY was proposed by _____________.

A

Von Bekesy

66
Q

The ____________ THEORY assumed that the BASILAR MEMBRANE is UNDER TENSION down its ENTIRE LENGTH.

A

Place Theory

67
Q

True or False: the traveling wave theory proposed that above 60 cps, the basilar membrane vibrates evenly over its area.

A

FALSE,

The TRAVELING WAVE THEORY proposed that above 60 cps, the BASILAR MEMBRANE VIBRATES UNEVENLY over its area.

68
Q

According to the ____________ THEORY the point of MAX DISPLACEMENT is dependent upon FREQUENCY of SOUND stimulus.

A

Traveling Wave Theory

69
Q

True or False: according to the traveling wave theory, the basilar membrane is a uniform thickness.

A

FALSE,

According to the TRAVELING WAVE THEORY, the BASILAR MEMBRANE is a NOT UNIFORM THICKNESS.

BASE is THICK, STIFF and RESISTANT to movement while APEX is WIDE and FLEXIBLE.

70
Q

According to the TRAVELING WAVE THEORY, HIGH FREQUENCY sounds DISPLACE membrane MAXIMALLY at the __________, MEDIUM FREQUENCY sounds DISPLACE at the __________ and LOW FREQUENCY displaces sounds at the __________.

A

Base
Middle Part
Apex

71
Q

According to the TRAVELING WAVE THEORY the BASILAR MEMBRANE is NOT ____________.

A

UNDER TENSION down its ENTIRE LENGTH

72
Q

True or False: according to the traveling wave theory, the basilar membrane acts as a mechanical frequency analyst, thus it is able to encode sound frequencies.

A

TRUE,

According to the TRAVELING WAVE THEORY, the BASILAR MEMBRANE acts as a mechanical FREQUENCY ANALYST, thus it is ABLE TO ENCODE sound FREQUENCIES.

73
Q

Is the AUDITORY CORTEX TONOTOPICALLY ORGANIZED?

A

YES

74
Q

REGIONS ON the BASILAR MEMBRANE in CLOSE PROXIMITY PROJECT TO locations in area ___ that are also in close proximity.

A

41

75
Q

Is AUDITORY CORTEX (area 41) NECESSARY for FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION?

A

NO, SUBCORTICAL areas can MEDIATE this function.

76
Q

Is the AUDITORY CORTEX NECESSARY for PATTERN DISCRIMINATION?

A

YES

77
Q

This is based on ARRIVAL of SOUND at the TWO (2) EARS.

A

Sound Localization

78
Q

True or False: sounds arrive faster at the ear that is more distant.

A

FALSE,

Sounds arrive FASTER at the ear that is CLOSER.

Psychobiology (25 decks)

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