muscles Flashcards
what surrounds muscle fascicles
perimysium
what surrounds muscle organs
epimysium
what is sacromella
membrane of muscle fibre
what is the role of a T- tubule
conduct charge to the muscle
what is contained in the muscle sarcoplasm
glycosomes and myoglobins
what is stored in sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium ions
what is in the H zone of sarcomere
myosin
what is in the I band of sarcomere
actin only
what is in the a band of sarcomere
actin and myosin
in the first stage of cross bridge cycling describe the action of calcium ions
binds to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move , exposing actin binding sites
what causes a power stroke
myosin head rotates releasing ADP and phosphate
what molecule is responsible for detaching the myosin head from actin in cross bridge cycling
ATP
how does calcium ions get recycled into the sacroplasmic reticulum in excitation contraction coupling
ATP driven pumps
how does muscle stimulation end
acetylcholinase breaks down acetylcholine in receptor site on muscle neurone
creatine phosphate is an energy source for what type of muscle contraction
fast twitch
what is the name of the process that uses oxygen to make ATP in aerobic respiration
oxidative phosphorylation
what is the name of the process that uses glucose to make ATP in aerobic respiration
glycolysis
what is the other name for type I muscle fibres
slow oxidative
what is the other name for type IIa muscle fibres
fast oxidative
what is the other name for type IIb muscle fibres
fast glycolytic
what muscle fibres use oxidative phosphorylation as ATP source
Type I/ slow oxidative and Type II / fast oxidative
glycolysis what muscle fibres use oxidative phosphorylation as ATP source
Type IIb/ fast glycolytic
what is the origin of muscle
site of muscle attachment to stationary bone
what is the insertion of muscle
site of muscle attachment to moving bone
what is agonist muscle
muscle that contracts
what is antagonist muscle
muscle that relaxes
what is the synergist muscle
muscle that assist the agonist
what is the fixator muscle
muscle that provides stabilisation at origin
what is in the middle of a first class lever
fulcrum
what is in the middle of a second class lever
load
what is in the middle of a third class lever
effort
what is muscle hypertrophy
muscles are large in proportion to body fat
what causes muscle hypertrophy (2)
hormones and genetics
what is disuse atrophy
inactivity causing muscle wasting
what causes disuse atrophy (2)
paralysis
bedrest
what is sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass due to ageing
what causes sarcopenia (4)
hormones
reduced nervous stimulation
disuse
poor diet
what is muscle spasm
involuntary contraction that lasts a short time
what causes muscle spasm
nerve malfunction
what is muscle cramp
long involuntary contraction
what causes muscle cramp
sustained exertion
what is muscle strain
muscle overstretched or torn
what causes muscle sprain
ligament tear
what is affected in the autoimmune disease myasthenia graves
Ach receptors at NMJ
what is myopathy
disease that attacks muscle fibres causing weakness and paralysis
what is another name for Duchenne’s
Beckers dystrophy
what is duchennes
degenerative disease causing weakness and wasting of muscle (X-chromosome linked)
that is the action of botulism
inhibits acetylcholine release at NMJ
what are symptoms of botulism
paralysis
dry mouth
loss of sweat
what are complications of botulism
respiratory or heart failure
what happens at NMJ if you have organophosphate poisoning
acetylcholinase is inhibited, no stop in nervous stimulation
who is organophosphate poisoning common in (2)
farmers
cholingeric syndrome
what do you take for organophosphate poisoning
atropine
what are symptoms of organophosphate poisoning
SLUDGE
salivation
lamination
urination
diarrhoea
GI stress
emesis
