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MSK > Bones > Flashcards

Bones Flashcards

1
Q

what is the compound that makes up the inorganic component of the extracellular matrix of bone

A

calcium hyroxyapatite

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2
Q

what cell is responsible for bone synthesis

A

osteoblast

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3
Q

what cell is responsible for bone breakdown

A

osteoclast

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4
Q

what cell is responsible for bone maintaince (also a mature osteoblast)

A

osteocyte

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5
Q

what is the name of bone stem cells

A

osteogenic cells

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6
Q

what chemicals do osteoclasts use to break down bone

A

acid and carbonic anhydrase II

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7
Q

where is compact bone found

A

diaphysis

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8
Q

what is the name of the repeating structure in compact bone

A

Haversian system or osteon

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9
Q

what is the name of the structure that surrounds compact bone

A

periosteum

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10
Q

where is soft bone found

A

epiphysis

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11
Q

what is the name of the porous structure in soft bone

A

trabeculae

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12
Q

what is the function of red bone marrow

A

haemopoeitic tissue

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13
Q

what is yellow bone marrow made of

A

fat adipose tissue

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14
Q

what process form the skull and clavicle

A

intramembranous ossification

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15
Q

what is the name of the organic material osteoblasts secrete in intramembranous ossification

A

osteoid

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16
Q

outline the 4 steps of lengthwise bone growth

A
  • resting cartilage
  • chondrocytes cause cartilage atrophy
  • cartilage dies
  • cartilage calcifies
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17
Q

what is the location of lengthwise bone growth

A

epiphyseal plate

18
Q

outline the 5 steps of widthwise bone growth

A
  • osteoblast secrete bone matrix
  • matrix forms a groove around blood vessels
  • remodelling to form osteon
    outer lamellae laid down
19
Q

what 2 ways does physical activity affect bone growth

A

stimulates bone growth and encourages remodelling

20
Q

why is bone remodelled when there is a change in physical activity type

A

trabeculae are along lines of stress

21
Q

how does PTH impact bone

A

breakdown

22
Q

how does calcitonin impact bone

A

formation

23
Q

what is role of insulin in bone maintenance

A

synthesises proteins for bone growth

24
Q

what is role of thyroid hormone in bone maintenance

A

stimulates osteoblasts

25
Q

what is role of oestrogen in bone growth

A

stimulates or stops growth

26
Q

relevance of vitamin A in bones

A

enhances osteoblast activity

27
Q

relevance of vitamin C in bones

A

collagen synthesis

28
Q

relevance of vitamin D in bones

A

calcium reabsorption

29
Q

relevance of vitamin K and B12 in bones

A

synthesises bone proteins

30
Q

relevance of manganese in bones

A

activates enzymes used in formation

31
Q

outline the 5 stages of bone remodelling

A
  • quiescence
  • osteoclasts digest bone
  • macrophages clean up
  • osteoblasts lay down new bone
  • new bone mineralises
32
Q

what is the name of the new bone that osteoblasts lay down in fracture repair

A

hard callus

33
Q

first stage of fracture repair

A

haematoma- to stop bleed

34
Q

second stage of fracture repair

A

inflammation- clean up damaged tissue and soft callus laid

35
Q

what cells lay down soft callus in inflammatory stage of fracture repair

A

chondrocytes

36
Q

third stage of fracture repair

A

hard callus

37
Q

what cells lay down hard callus in fracture repair

A

osteoblasts

38
Q

fourth stage of fracture repair

A

remodelling

39
Q

what is the name of the process that forms long bone

A

endochondrial ossification

40
Q

name of the initial bone model in endochondrial ossification

A

hyaline cartilage model

MSK (15 decks)

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