Injury of the lower limb Flashcards by Serena Stout

where in the femur is a fracture more likely to be in an elderly patient

neck

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where in the femur is a fracture more likely to be in a child

shaft

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what are the causes of femur fracture

trauma or fall

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what are the symptoms of a femur fracture at shaft of femur

shortened leg

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what are the symptoms of a femur fracture at neck of femur

shortened leg and laterally rotated foot

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what are the complications of a femur fracture at neck of femur

avascular necrosis

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what are the complications of a femur fracture at shaft of femur

fatty embolism and infection

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what are the common causes of a hip dislocation

trauma or fall

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what are the symptoms of a hip dislocation

shortened and medically rotated leg

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what are the complications of a hip dislocation (3)

osteonecrosis, sciatic nerve injury, femoral head fracture

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what is osteoarthritis

articular cartilage breakdown

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what causes osteoarthritis

degenerative

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how does osteoarthritis show in x ray

no gap between bones

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where is the ACL attached

front of tibia to back of femur

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name 2 causes of ACL tear

hyperextension or large force to the back of the knee

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what is an anterior draw test used to test for

ACL damage

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describe an anterior draw test

leg bent 90 degrees
tibia moved forward

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where is tech PCL attached

back of tibia top front of femur

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what is the common cause of PCL injury

large force on flexed knee

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what is posterior draw test used to diagnose

PCL damage

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describe posterior draw test

leg bent 90 degrees
tibia pushed back

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what movement will a patient not be able to do if the have LCL damage

lateral rotation

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what causes MCL/ LCL damage

large force medially or laterally to the knee with foot on the ground

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what movement will a patient not be able to do if the have MCL damage

medial rotation

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what is damaged in unhappy triad

ACL, MCL and meniscus

what causes unhappy triad

lateral force on extended knee

where is the pain if patient has unhappy triad

lateral side of knee

what is bursitis

inflamed pre-patellar or infra-patellar bursa

where is pre-patellar bursa

between skin and patella

where is infra- patellar bursa

between skin and tibia

where is swelling in pre-patellar bursa is swollen

anterior of knee

where is swelling in infra-patellar bursa is swollen

posterior of knee

other name for pre-patellar bursitis

housemaids knee

other name for infra-patellar bursitis

clergymans knee

what causes varicose veins

valve malfunction in veins

what is the appearance of varicose veins

lumpy

what is deep vein thrombosis

blood clotting in deep vein of leg

symptoms of deep vein thrombosis

redness, swelling and throbbing pain

what is a symptom of obturator nerve damage

spasm of adductor muscles

common cause of obturator nerve damage

lymph node or cancer removal

what are the symptoms of sciatic nerve damage (3)

-lower leg paralysis -foot drop -sensory loss below the knee

common causes of gluteal nerve damage

intramuscular injection hip replacement

what are the symptoms of gluteal nerve damage (2)

weakness/ paralysis of gluteus medius and maximus weak abduction

what test can be done for gluteal nerve damage and describe it

trendelenburg test- stand on one leg, tilt way from injured side

common causes of sciatic nerve damage

posterior hip disclocation intramuscular injection

what is foot drop

unopposed planter flexion

what is the gait style of a patient with foot drop

high stepping gait

what nerve damage causes foot drop

damage to deep fibular or peroneal nerve

what leg compartment is compromised in foot drop

describe illiotibial band syndrome

lateral knee pain

what causes illiotibial band syndrome

repetitive friction of lateral femoral epicondyle and illiotibial band

where is the plantar fascia

compartment from bottom of heel to toes

what are symptoms of plantar fasciitis (3)

pain at ankle pain to weight bear pain to dorsiflex

name 2 causes of plantar fasciitis

inappropriate footwear overuse

what is a shin splint

medial tibial stress

what are symptoms of shin splints

pain in shin when extended

what is another name for runners knee

patellofemoral syndrome

where in the knee is the pain in runners knee

behind kneecap

what causes runners knee

tera in the articular cartilage due to repeated abnormal patellar tracking

what causes flat foot

dysfunction of tibialis posterior- the plantar calcaneovalcular ligament fails

where is the pain in flat foot

heel/ foot arch area

what causes exertion compartment syndrome

intense exercise causes muscles to swell creating pressure

what are symptoms of exertion compartment syndrome (3)

pain cramping numbness

what is another name for bunions

hallux valgus

what is the cause of bunions

strain on 1st metatarsal phalangeal joint (tight shoes or arthritis)

what is hammer toe

toe is dorsiflexed at metatarsal phalangeal joint and plantar flexed at interphalangeal joint

what is another name for club foot

talipes equinovarus

what is club foot

strong plantar flexion and inversion

what is the treatment of club foot

plaster for realignment

over dominance of XXX and XXX causes clubfoot

posterior leg muscles and posterior medial ligaments and tendons

what nerve is entrapped in tarsal tunnel syndrome

tibial nerve

name 3 symptoms of tarsal tunnel syndrome

reduced motor function loss of sensation of heel, sole and first 3 toes cant walk on balls of feet (tinnels test)

what is the name of the injection that can be given for tarsal tunnel syndrome

corticosteroid injection

what is the other name for achilles tendon

calcaneal tendon

what are the symptoms of achilles tendon tear (2)

foot dorsiflexed lump in calf

what movement causes achilles tendon tear

forced plantar flexion

what is psiforms syndrome

compression of sciatic nerve by pisiforms muscle

what causes pisiforms syndrome

excessive use of gluteal muscle

what are the symptoms of pisiforms syndrome (2)

buttock pain psiformis muscle spasm

name. 3 causes of pudenal nerve injury

childbirth trauma prolonged sitting

name 3 symptoms of pudenal nerve injury

chronic pelvic pain sexual dysfunction bladder and bowel dysfunction

what are the nerve roots in the cued equina region

L1-L5

what causes cued equina syndrome

compression of L1-L5 or L3-L5

what are the symptoms of caudal equina syndrome

saddle anaesthesia bladder and bowel incontinence sciatica on both sides

what should be done if a patient has symptoms of cued equina syndrome

emergency MRI to see if they need decompression surgery (they are at risk of permanent paralysis of lower limb)