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MSK > Injury of the lower limb > Flashcards

Injury of the lower limb Flashcards

1
Q

where in the femur is a fracture more likely to be in an elderly patient

A

neck

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2
Q

where in the femur is a fracture more likely to be in a child

A

shaft

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3
Q

what are the causes of femur fracture

A

trauma or fall

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4
Q

what are the symptoms of a femur fracture at shaft of femur

A

shortened leg

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4
Q

what are the symptoms of a femur fracture at neck of femur

A

shortened leg and laterally rotated foot

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4
Q

what are the complications of a femur fracture at neck of femur

A

avascular necrosis

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5
Q

what are the complications of a femur fracture at shaft of femur

A

fatty embolism and infection

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6
Q

what are the common causes of a hip dislocation

A

trauma or fall

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7
Q

what are the symptoms of a hip dislocation

A

shortened and medically rotated leg

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8
Q

what are the complications of a hip dislocation (3)

A

osteonecrosis, sciatic nerve injury, femoral head fracture

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9
Q

what is osteoarthritis

A

articular cartilage breakdown

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10
Q

what causes osteoarthritis

A

degenerative

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10
Q

how does osteoarthritis show in x ray

A

no gap between bones

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10
Q

where is the ACL attached

A

front of tibia to back of femur

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11
Q

name 2 causes of ACL tear

A

hyperextension or large force to the back of the knee

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12
Q

what is an anterior draw test used to test for

A

ACL damage

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13
Q

describe an anterior draw test

A

leg bent 90 degrees
tibia moved forward

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14
Q

where is tech PCL attached

A

back of tibia top front of femur

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15
Q

what is the common cause of PCL injury

A

large force on flexed knee

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16
Q

what is posterior draw test used to diagnose

A

PCL damage

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17
Q

describe posterior draw test

A

leg bent 90 degrees
tibia pushed back

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18
Q

what movement will a patient not be able to do if the have LCL damage

A

lateral rotation

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18
Q

what causes MCL/ LCL damage

A

large force medially or laterally to the knee with foot on the ground

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19
Q

what movement will a patient not be able to do if the have MCL damage

A

medial rotation

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20
Q

what is damaged in unhappy triad

A

ACL, MCL and meniscus

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21
Q

what causes unhappy triad

A

lateral force on extended knee

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22
Q

where is the pain if patient has unhappy triad

A

lateral side of knee

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23
Q

what is bursitis

A

inflamed pre-patellar or infra-patellar bursa

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24
Q

where is pre-patellar bursa

A

between skin and patella

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25
Q

where is infra- patellar bursa

A

between skin and tibia

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26
Q

where is swelling in pre-patellar bursa is swollen

A

anterior of knee

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27
Q

where is swelling in infra-patellar bursa is swollen

A

posterior of knee

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28
Q

other name for pre-patellar bursitis

A

housemaids knee

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29
Q

other name for infra-patellar bursitis

A

clergymans knee

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30
Q

what causes varicose veins

A

valve malfunction in veins

31
Q

what is the appearance of varicose veins

A

lumpy

32
Q

what is deep vein thrombosis

A

blood clotting in deep vein of leg

33
Q

symptoms of deep vein thrombosis

A

redness, swelling and throbbing pain

34
Q

what is a symptom of obturator nerve damage

A

spasm of adductor muscles

35
Q

common cause of obturator nerve damage

A

lymph node or cancer removal

36
Q

what are the symptoms of sciatic nerve damage (3)

A

-lower leg paralysis
-foot drop
-sensory loss below the knee

37
Q

common causes of gluteal nerve damage

A

intramuscular injection
hip replacement

38
Q

what are the symptoms of gluteal nerve damage (2)

A

weakness/ paralysis of gluteus medius and maximus
weak abduction

39
Q

what test can be done for gluteal nerve damage and describe it

A

trendelenburg test- stand on one leg, tilt way from injured side

40
Q

common causes of sciatic nerve damage

A

posterior hip disclocation
intramuscular injection

41
Q

what is foot drop

A

unopposed planter flexion

42
Q

what is the gait style of a patient with foot drop

A

high stepping gait

43
Q

what nerve damage causes foot drop

A

damage to deep fibular or peroneal nerve

44
Q

what leg compartment is compromised in foot drop

A

anterior

45
Q

describe illiotibial band syndrome

A

lateral knee pain

46
Q

what causes illiotibial band syndrome

A

repetitive friction of lateral femoral epicondyle and illiotibial band

47
Q

where is the plantar fascia

A

compartment from bottom of heel to toes

48
Q

what are symptoms of plantar fasciitis (3)

A

pain at ankle
pain to weight bear
pain to dorsiflex

49
Q

name 2 causes of plantar fasciitis

A

inappropriate footwear
overuse

50
Q

what is a shin splint

A

medial tibial stress

51
Q

what are symptoms of shin splints

A

pain in shin when extended

52
Q

what is another name for runners knee

A

patellofemoral syndrome

53
Q

where in the knee is the pain in runners knee

A

behind kneecap

54
Q

what causes runners knee

A

tera in the articular cartilage due to repeated abnormal patellar tracking

55
Q

what causes flat foot

A

dysfunction of tibialis posterior- the plantar calcaneovalcular ligament fails

56
Q

where is the pain in flat foot

A

heel/ foot arch area

57
Q

what causes exertion compartment syndrome

A

intense exercise causes muscles to swell creating pressure

58
Q

what are symptoms of exertion compartment syndrome (3)

A

pain
cramping
numbness

59
Q

what is another name for bunions

A

hallux valgus

60
Q

what is the cause of bunions

A

strain on 1st metatarsal phalangeal joint
(tight shoes or arthritis)

61
Q

what is hammer toe

A

toe is dorsiflexed at metatarsal phalangeal joint and plantar flexed at interphalangeal joint

62
Q

what is another name for club foot

A

talipes equinovarus

63
Q

what is club foot

A

strong plantar flexion and inversion

64
Q

what is the treatment of club foot

A

plaster for realignment

65
Q

over dominance of XXX and XXX causes clubfoot

A

posterior leg muscles and posterior medial ligaments and tendons

66
Q

what nerve is entrapped in tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

tibial nerve

67
Q

name 3 symptoms of tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

reduced motor function
loss of sensation of heel, sole and first 3 toes
cant walk on balls of feet (tinnels test)

68
Q

what is the name of the injection that can be given for tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

corticosteroid injection

69
Q

what is the other name for achilles tendon

A

calcaneal tendon

70
Q

what are the symptoms of achilles tendon tear (2)

A

foot dorsiflexed
lump in calf

71
Q

what movement causes achilles tendon tear

A

forced plantar flexion

72
Q

what is psiforms syndrome

A

compression of sciatic nerve by pisiforms muscle

73
Q

what causes pisiforms syndrome

A

excessive use of gluteal muscle

74
Q

what are the symptoms of pisiforms syndrome (2)

A

buttock pain
psiformis muscle spasm

75
Q

name. 3 causes of pudenal nerve injury

A

childbirth
trauma
prolonged sitting

76
Q

name 3 symptoms of pudenal nerve injury

A

chronic pelvic pain
sexual dysfunction
bladder and bowel dysfunction

77
Q

what are the nerve roots in the cued equina region

A

L1-L5

78
Q

what causes cued equina syndrome

A

compression of L1-L5 or L3-L5

79
Q

what are the symptoms of caudal equina syndrome

A

saddle anaesthesia
bladder and bowel incontinence
sciatica on both sides

80
Q

what should be done if a patient has symptoms of cued equina syndrome

A

emergency MRI to see if they need decompression surgery (they are at risk of permanent paralysis of lower limb)

MSK (15 decks)

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