Injury of the lower limb Flashcards
where in the femur is a fracture more likely to be in an elderly patient
neck
where in the femur is a fracture more likely to be in a child
shaft
what are the causes of femur fracture
trauma or fall
what are the symptoms of a femur fracture at shaft of femur
shortened leg
what are the symptoms of a femur fracture at neck of femur
shortened leg and laterally rotated foot
what are the complications of a femur fracture at neck of femur
avascular necrosis
what are the complications of a femur fracture at shaft of femur
fatty embolism and infection
what are the common causes of a hip dislocation
trauma or fall
what are the symptoms of a hip dislocation
shortened and medically rotated leg
what are the complications of a hip dislocation (3)
osteonecrosis, sciatic nerve injury, femoral head fracture
what is osteoarthritis
articular cartilage breakdown
what causes osteoarthritis
degenerative
how does osteoarthritis show in x ray
no gap between bones
where is the ACL attached
front of tibia to back of femur
name 2 causes of ACL tear
hyperextension or large force to the back of the knee
what is an anterior draw test used to test for
ACL damage
describe an anterior draw test
leg bent 90 degrees
tibia moved forward
where is tech PCL attached
back of tibia top front of femur
what is the common cause of PCL injury
large force on flexed knee
what is posterior draw test used to diagnose
PCL damage
describe posterior draw test
leg bent 90 degrees
tibia pushed back
what movement will a patient not be able to do if the have LCL damage
lateral rotation
what causes MCL/ LCL damage
large force medially or laterally to the knee with foot on the ground
what movement will a patient not be able to do if the have MCL damage
medial rotation
what is damaged in unhappy triad
ACL, MCL and meniscus
what causes unhappy triad
lateral force on extended knee
where is the pain if patient has unhappy triad
lateral side of knee
what is bursitis
inflamed pre-patellar or infra-patellar bursa
where is pre-patellar bursa
between skin and patella
where is infra- patellar bursa
between skin and tibia
where is swelling in pre-patellar bursa is swollen
anterior of knee
where is swelling in infra-patellar bursa is swollen
posterior of knee
other name for pre-patellar bursitis
housemaids knee
other name for infra-patellar bursitis
clergymans knee
what causes varicose veins
valve malfunction in veins
what is the appearance of varicose veins
lumpy
what is deep vein thrombosis
blood clotting in deep vein of leg
symptoms of deep vein thrombosis
redness, swelling and throbbing pain
what is a symptom of obturator nerve damage
spasm of adductor muscles
common cause of obturator nerve damage
lymph node or cancer removal
what are the symptoms of sciatic nerve damage (3)
-lower leg paralysis
-foot drop
-sensory loss below the knee
common causes of gluteal nerve damage
intramuscular injection
hip replacement
what are the symptoms of gluteal nerve damage (2)
weakness/ paralysis of gluteus medius and maximus
weak abduction
what test can be done for gluteal nerve damage and describe it
trendelenburg test- stand on one leg, tilt way from injured side
common causes of sciatic nerve damage
posterior hip disclocation
intramuscular injection
what is foot drop
unopposed planter flexion
what is the gait style of a patient with foot drop
high stepping gait
what nerve damage causes foot drop
damage to deep fibular or peroneal nerve
what leg compartment is compromised in foot drop
anterior
describe illiotibial band syndrome
lateral knee pain
what causes illiotibial band syndrome
repetitive friction of lateral femoral epicondyle and illiotibial band
where is the plantar fascia
compartment from bottom of heel to toes
what are symptoms of plantar fasciitis (3)
pain at ankle
pain to weight bear
pain to dorsiflex
name 2 causes of plantar fasciitis
inappropriate footwear
overuse
what is a shin splint
medial tibial stress
what are symptoms of shin splints
pain in shin when extended
what is another name for runners knee
patellofemoral syndrome
where in the knee is the pain in runners knee
behind kneecap
what causes runners knee
tera in the articular cartilage due to repeated abnormal patellar tracking
what causes flat foot
dysfunction of tibialis posterior- the plantar calcaneovalcular ligament fails
where is the pain in flat foot
heel/ foot arch area
what causes exertion compartment syndrome
intense exercise causes muscles to swell creating pressure
what are symptoms of exertion compartment syndrome (3)
pain
cramping
numbness
what is another name for bunions
hallux valgus
what is the cause of bunions
strain on 1st metatarsal phalangeal joint
(tight shoes or arthritis)
what is hammer toe
toe is dorsiflexed at metatarsal phalangeal joint and plantar flexed at interphalangeal joint
what is another name for club foot
talipes equinovarus
what is club foot
strong plantar flexion and inversion
what is the treatment of club foot
plaster for realignment
over dominance of XXX and XXX causes clubfoot
posterior leg muscles and posterior medial ligaments and tendons
what nerve is entrapped in tarsal tunnel syndrome
tibial nerve
name 3 symptoms of tarsal tunnel syndrome
reduced motor function
loss of sensation of heel, sole and first 3 toes
cant walk on balls of feet (tinnels test)
what is the name of the injection that can be given for tarsal tunnel syndrome
corticosteroid injection
what is the other name for achilles tendon
calcaneal tendon
what are the symptoms of achilles tendon tear (2)
foot dorsiflexed
lump in calf
what movement causes achilles tendon tear
forced plantar flexion
what is psiforms syndrome
compression of sciatic nerve by pisiforms muscle
what causes pisiforms syndrome
excessive use of gluteal muscle
what are the symptoms of pisiforms syndrome (2)
buttock pain
psiformis muscle spasm
name. 3 causes of pudenal nerve injury
childbirth
trauma
prolonged sitting
name 3 symptoms of pudenal nerve injury
chronic pelvic pain
sexual dysfunction
bladder and bowel dysfunction
what are the nerve roots in the cued equina region
L1-L5
what causes cued equina syndrome
compression of L1-L5 or L3-L5
what are the symptoms of caudal equina syndrome
saddle anaesthesia
bladder and bowel incontinence
sciatica on both sides
what should be done if a patient has symptoms of cued equina syndrome
emergency MRI to see if they need decompression surgery (they are at risk of permanent paralysis of lower limb)
