Muscles

Question 1

Fascia is

Answer 1

80% water

Question 2

Suspensory ligament is

Answer 2

Atypical and functions more like a tendon

Question 3

Most common cause of tendon injury

Answer 3

Repetitive strain

Question 4

Concentric muscle

Answer 4

Muscles shortening

Question 5

Horse needs concentric muscle to

Answer 5

Propell, accelerate etc

Question 6

A high percentage of fast twitch muscles are

Answer 6

found in the hindquarters

Question 7

Spinal extensor chain key for

Answer 7

Power , expression, being off the forehand

Question 8

To fat score

Answer 8

We divide the horse into 3

Question 9

Type 1 Muscle

Answer 9

Slow Twitch

Question 10

Type 2 Muscle

Answer 10

Fast twitch

Question 11

University of Liverpool claimed horses are not immuned from

Answer 11

DOMS

Question 12

Trapzius Muscle orginates at the

Answer 12

Nuchal Ligament (C2) and inserts into the wither at T3

Question 13

Trapeziu Cervicis

Answer 13

Over the neck

Question 14

Trapezuis Thoracis

Answer 14

Over the wither

Question 15

Multifidus, Longissimus Dorsi and gluteals

Answer 15

Support the back and raise the forehand in collection

Question 16

Superficial gluteal and bicep femoris

Answer 16

Maintain the lateral stability behind (collection/lateral work)

Question 17

Rhomboid, splenius and semispinalis capitis

Answer 17

Maintain elevation of the head and neck

Question 18

Thoracic sling

Answer 18

Support thorax and lifts it up between the forelimbs

Question 19

Isometric muscles

Answer 19

Hold positions

Question 20

Deep muscles and those close to joints are

Answer 20

postural muscles for supporting and stabilising muscles

Question 21

Electronic signals are sent from the brain along the

Answer 21

neural pathways to instruct the muscles

Question 22

Extensor Chain

Answer 22

make up the top line

Question 23

The Splenius Muscle originates from the

Answer 23

Starts at spinous processes of the withers and Nuchal Ligament

Inserts onto the poll and the first four cervical vertebrae.

This muscles works to extend and elevate the neck.

Question 24

The Longissimus Dorsi, part of the erector spinae group of muscles, is a long, strong muscle that runs along the top of the

Answer 24

thoracic and lumbar spine to the pelvis attaching to each vertebrae
Supports and extends the spine and contributes to lateral flexion.

Question 25

The Gluteal Muscle Group, consists of the

Answer 25

superficial, medial and deep gluteal muscles

Question 26

The Medial Gluteal or Glutimus Maximus is the

Answer 26

largest and most powerful gymnastic muscle of the hind quarter primarily involved in creating extension of the hip joint during propulsion.

Question 27

The Hamstring Muscle Group consists of the

Answer 27

Biceps Femoris, Semi-tendinosus and Semi-membranosus muscles.

Question 28

Hamstring Muscle group (Biceps Femoris , Semi-tendinosus and Semi-membranosus) are

Answer 28

powerful gymnastic muscles

Create extension of the hip and stifle during propulsion.

Question 29

Flexor Chain

Answer 29

Make up the bottom line and lie underneath the spine, in front of the hop and include tha abdominal muscles

Question 30

Walking over poles increases muscle activity in the

Answer 30

Rectus abdominus muscles and the longissimus dorsi muscles.

Question 31

The thoracolumbosacralmusculature is a good indicator of how the horse has beenmoving its body as a whole (Fig 5). Change in shapereflecting muscle atrophy usually signifies an underlyingmusculoskeletal problem. Saddle slip persistently to one sidemay

Answer 31

reflect hind limb lamness

Question 32

If this horse had been working correctly‘through the back’the

Answer 32

expaxial muscles will be developed

Question 33

sacroiliac joint region pain

Answer 33

Thoracolumbosacral muscles/Gluteal /promeniance tubera sacrale

Question 34

A tendency for hyperextension of themetacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints atrest or in motion (Fig 3a) potentially places excessive load onthe

Answer 34

suspensory apparatus

Question 35

An association between straighthindlimb conformation (Figs 6and7b) and

Answer 35

and proximalsuspensory desmopathy has been noted (Dyson 1994),although to date a causal relationship has not beenestablished

Question 36

A horse in which thetubera sacraleare higherthan the wither has a natural tendency to be on the

Answer 36

forehand

Question 37

The epaxial muscles should be welldeveloped. With any lameness, the horse may adapt bystiffening the

Answer 37

back

Question 38

Failure to‘movethrough the back’, ill-fitting saddles and thoracolumbosacralpain and sacroiliac joint region pain can result in

Answer 38

epaxialmuscle atrophy and poor abdominal muscle tone.

Question 39

Common cardiac problems that hinder equine performance, particularly in athlete horses, include

Answer 39

murmurs (abnormal blood flow) and arrhythmias (abnormal cardiac rhythms).

Question 40

Murmurs are the result of abnormal blood flow as a

Answer 40

result of leakage through the valves of the heart or a turbulent blood flow in major blood vessels.

Question 41

For example, between 30 and 40% of fit thoroughbreds may have

Answer 41

Heart murmous

Question 42

Atrial fibrillation is the

Answer 42

most common type of arrhythmia in horses

Question 43

Heart Diganostics techniques

Answer 43

History, Physical Exam, Stethoscope, Ultrasound, ECG, Lab Tests

Question 44

an increase in toe length, decreased the

Answer 44

hoof and palmar angle, increasing the moment force significantly around the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ).

Question 45

Van Heel et al showed that a slight lateral heel first landing (Fig.2) was most

Answer 45

common/normal

Question 46

Crooked tail carriage is more common in lame horses than

Answer 46

non lame horses however no correlations between sides.