Confirmation Flashcards by Pippa Greenwood

Example of something that causes splints

Offset knees or pigeon toes

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Hoof pastern being upright creates

An uncomfortable ride

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Sickle hocks

Hoof to far forward
Strain on hocks
Can cause curbs

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Latissimus Dorsi

Retraction

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Pectorals are either

Superfial or deep

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Superficial pectoralis

Hold limbs in support chest during locomotion

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Deep pectoralis

Support chest between forelegs and aductuon of limbs

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Tendinitis windgalls

Lining of the tendon sheath between the suspensory and the flexor tendon thickens causing soft swelling

Come and go
Close to skin
Lining of the tendon sheath between the suspensory and the flexor tendon thickens causing soft swelling
Hind legs /older horses

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Serratus Ventralis

Lifts ribcage

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Osteoclast constantly

removing old bone

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Osteoblasts

build new bone

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If the neck is set on too deep, and extends forward from the withers rather than up,

elevation is more difficult.
Although can be corrected with muscle

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Apart from truly faulty hindquarters, the upside down (ewe) neck, creates

the biggest challenge for the rider. It is usually impossible to obtain the correct head position required for the reliable action of the bit.

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However, beware because thin, green, horses which have lost all the fat in their crest, and have a hollow in front of the withers can

give the false impression of having a ewe neck

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How much space the horse has at the jowl for its

parotid gland determines whether the horse can flex at the poll to let the head hang at the vertical. Problem when in high headcarriage in dressage.

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A plumb line from the point of shoulder to the ground should biscet the

foreleg and foot

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Excessively straight hind limbs are more likely to

suffer suspensory ligament damage.

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horses that excel at the collected movements (particularly piaffe and passage) tend to have an ilium side (point of hip to point of buttocks) that is

flatter’ than those that excel in extension.

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Horses with lower stifle placement,

in general, have a longer stride due to the increased range of motion that the lower stifle allows.

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General traits required of a top dressage mount

good LS (lumbosacral gap, or high point of croup) placement, an ilium side shorter than the femur side, stifle placement at or just below sheath level.

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Pelvic hind limb bears

40-45% of the weight and provides the majority of propulsion for locomotion.

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If back pain causes the multifidus to atrophy the

longissimus dorsi takes its place.

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The head acts as a

Lever . So more likely to have a horse over bent with large head

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Forward set shoulder equals

Limited stride

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Horses that race over short to middle distances, such as racing Quarter Horses and Thoroughbreds, have the

longest pelvises

In his doctoral research, Swedish equine biomechanics expert Dr. Mikael Holmström found that the average pelvic angle in elite Swedish Warmblood dressage horses was

30 degrees

You should be able to fit two fingers directly behind the

check bone

Important that the tongue groove is big enough for the

tongue to lie comfortably

A classic goose rump is just a

steap angulation of the pelvis

Goose rump can effect

collection

a short cannon bone will improve the

ease and power of movement in the front legs

Over at the knee

Knee is set to to far forward

Conversely, a horse with very narrowly set legs will have

difficulties balancing

Conversely, horses who are over at the knee are very

prone to stumbling

a less steeply angles houlder or a slightly sloped croup will place the

centre of gravity towards the hroses ears

a compact horse with repsective angulation of the shoulder and croup will find it easier to

shift his center of gravity than a horse with a longer body.

There is no bony connection between body and

forelimbs

When the back muscle relaxes its

abnominal muscle contracts

when the lower neck muscle is contracted it blocks

the parotid gland

Horses with a longer head are more likely

to be behind the vertical

Inside height of horses mouth

2 to 4 cm

Flat palated horse needs a

double jointed bit

bitless bridles can work on the

nervus facialis

Poll is two vertebrate the

atlas and tha axis

Cervical spine constists of

7 vertebrae

Entire neck acts as a

balancing rod

Ideal Neck length is thought to be

one third of the total body length

Low set neck more likely to go against the

riders hand

Horse neck too high can encourage

horse to be a leg mover with a tight back

Scapula to humerous should be

90 degrees or less

Shoulder in a show jumper can be a bit

more forward

an overly long humerous

may cause the horses front legs to stand too far underneath the horse

Foals are often born with a

base wide stance

With muscle development and chest expansion the

elbows can turn outwards allowing the horse to assume the current posture

Carpal joint is the

equivalent of the wrist

the accessory carpal

acts as a guide bar for the tendnos

shape and size of the carpal joint

not associated with any particular mechanics

Embedded between the splint bones you find the

superficial digital flexor tendon and the deep digital flexor tendon

Lateral swelling of the tendon

inflammation of the deep digital flexor tendon

Tendon bows backwards

superficial digital flexor tendon

Sesamoid Bones do not have a periosteum which means that

healing after injury is almost impossible

Fetlock is a purely

hinge joint

Pastern angle

45- 50 degrees

Long pastern

acts as shock absorber

Overly long pastern

pressure on tendons and ligaments

Standing camped out is a lesser evit that

camped under

horses can stand camped out to

compensate for pain in lower limbs

Deivation from the ideal for the whole limb is better than

for individual joints

attempt to correct stance after 7 tends to cause

lameness

How many thoraric vertabrates

18 to 19

Lumbar

6 vertabraes

eventer long back

stride length - canter

longer loin can effect

stability

very straight croup can make it difficult to

step underneath themselves

Tibia should be the same length as the

femur

Fluid retention such as bog spavins equal

joint weakness

Hock joint angle should be

130 degrees

Long pasterns are much more upright in the hind limb

50 to 55 degree

hoof grows in the direct which

hits the ground first

Eccentric

Muscle lengthened

Isometric

Static

Fast Twitch : Type 2B

Perform at great speed Largest fibres with the fatest twitch Are used to enable the horse to work at high speed over short distances. Work Anaerobically requiring glycogen to produce energy quickly Fatigue quikcer than Type 1 and Type 2A fibre

When the bicepts shorten the

tricep length

Scalene and longus colli

together with the thoracic sling , these muscles support the base of the neck and help maintain good posture

Development of the iliopsoas, quadriceps, gluteals and hamstrings

vital to enable horse to sit behind

Medial Gluteal, Biceps femoris and longissimus dorsi

Important for push at take- off, supporting the back , raising the forehand and flicking hind end away

Triceps, forelimb retraction muscle chain and the thoracic sling

provide the power to start the jump

abdominals, ilopsoas and hip flexors

good back posture and bringing hind leg under

infraspinatus , deltoid and bicep brachi

suppleness and flexion allow the shoulder and elbow to tuck in

medial gluteal

provide power for hip extension

Carpus valgus is a turning-outward of the knees that can increase strain

strain on the bones and ligaments on the medial (inner) part of the leg.

Knock knees can

interfere with the horse’s stride and also lead to arthritis development or secondary knee injuries, such as bone chips, from abnormal forces on the carpal bones.

club foot, when the angle the face of the hoof wall makes with the ground is greater than

60 degrees

n neonatal and young affected foals, a treatment with oxytetracycline (an antibiotic with calcium-binding properties that relax muscles) can be implemented to help relax a tight deep digital flexor muscle/tendon unit that is often the cause

club foot

trot is the best gait to assess

symmetry

The way the horse is put together depends on

Skeletal Shap and Muscular Development

Poll to wither same distance as

wither to croup

Too long an upper jaw is called

over shot or parrot mouth

Too long an lower jaw is called

under shot or sow mouth

too broaded a chest

equals rolling gait

small shoulder may restrict

movement

Tied in at the elbow

Will make it difficult to use the shoulder properly , straight leg action with foot barely clearing the ground surface as in a daisy cutting action

Out at the elbow

toes turn in and weight be distributed unevenly on the outside of the leg

A club foot is prone to

abscesses, bruising, or laminitis.

Cow-hocked conformation

hock joints