Illness Flashcards
Elevations of CK (Creatinine Kinase) are seen in
extertional rhabdomyolysis
atypical myopathy
myositis
trauma
HKPP
What does EOTRH stand for
Equine Odontoclastic Tooth Resorption and Hypercementosis
As teeth narrow gaps are created which are called
Diastema
Immature immune system
more susceptible to worms
Immature Lungs/Digestion
easily damanged by migrating worms
Large Round Worm primarily effect
horses under 2
EIA is transfered by
infected blood or blood products
EIA is diagnosied via
Coggins Test
Horses that have come into contact with horse infected with EIA which is suspected of being infected must be quarantined for a
minimum of 90 days
Best treatment for EOTRH
Tooth removal
PPID
Pituitary pars Intermedia dysfunction aka cushings
80% horse with lami have
Underlying endocrine disorder
Horses teeth naturally wear
Away at 2-3 mm
Fungal skin condition
Ringworm
Allergic reactions include
Urticaria Sweet Itch , Photosensitization
Bacterial skin conditions Includes
Mud Fever Rain Scald
Parastic Skin Conditions Include
Lice, Warbles, Mange
Sarcoid is a type of
cancer
Skin Layers from Deepest to Shallowest
Subcutaneious Layer, Dermis, Epidermis
Arrector Pili Muscle
makes hair stand on end when the horse is cold.
Virsus skin conditions include
Viral Warts, Aural Plaques
Cancer Skin Conditions
Melanoma and Sarcoids
Imaverol is a treatment for
ringworm (Topical)
Griseofulvin Powder is for
putting in feed for horses with ringworm (to get into blood stream to treat source)
Example of treatment for Urticaria
Corticosteroid
Circles of Urticaria
are usual dietry caused (often Barley)
Sweet Itch is when the horse is allergic to the bite from a
culicoides
Insol Vaccine
x2 2 weeks apart for Sweet Itch
Oral Prednisilone
1 mg day for sweet itch
Depo medrone is an IM injection for
sweet itch and can give 1 month relief
Photosensitization is a reaction to
UV and St Johns Wart
Treatment for photosentization
Steriod Injections , Management (dust padock, turn out at night)
Atopic Dermantitis
Need to do blood test ( IDA)
SAT
Serum Allergy Testing
Gold standard test for allergies
IDA (Intra Dermal Allergen Tests) looks for elevated IgE
Lavage equals
Spray /Suck
Dermatophilus Bacteria
is when Mud Fever starts
Treatement for Mud Fever
Clean (Hibiscrub), Soften Scabs, Dry , Antiseptic, Antibacterial
Vaseline
Water proof (not healing)
Dermatophilus Bacteria
Rain Scald
Invermectin and Deosect can be used for
Lice
Risk Factors for Mud Fever
-Wet/Mud
-Dirty Bedding
Washing and not drying
-Damaged due to mites/wounds
-non-pigmented skins
think skinned horses
cushing disease
Hibiscrub is
chlorhexidine
Barrier creams can be used prior to turnout to create a protective layer between the skin and the mud. However, these should only be used
preventatively, not for treatment, as they can worsen mud fever by allowing bacteria to grow between the skin and the cream.
Bots can live inside a horse for
8-10 months
Flys can lay up to
500 eggs in the 7 to 10 day lifespan
Bots can damage the
stomach wall
Gastroscopy
Fibre optic tube
Warbles is
Bot Larvae immerging
Mange can cause
Pruritis (aka abnormal itching)
Chorioptic
Heels - Mange
Psoroptic
Mane and Tails - Mange
Demodectic
Face Neck - Mange
Sercoptic
Scabies
Treatment for Mange
Deosect
Imaverol (Topical Anti Fungal)
Ivermectin x 2 injection 10 days apart
Mallenders found on the
front of hocks
Sallenders found on the
back of knees
Mallenders and Sallenders are caused by
hyper keratosis
No cure for Mallenders/Sallenders treat as per
mud fever
Herpes 1
Pappiloma Virsus (Viral Warts)
Incubation period for Viral Warts
60 days ( Go away in 1 - 9 months)
Flys can spread
Pappiloma virsus
Imiquimod 5% POM
can be used for Viral Warts as it is a immune response modifer (2 - 3 days a week non consecutive days)
Nodular Skin Disease
Melanoma
You can have two types of Melanoma
Malignant and Non Malignant
80% greys of 15 yrs have
melanoma
80% of melanoma’s
become malignant
Key areas for Melanoma’s
Guttural Pouch, Parotid Melanomas
Melanomas on the spinal cord
can cause soundness issues
Oncept Injection
Trains the horse mmune system to target the enzeme enzyme concentrated in melanoma cells so the system will attack and kill those cells.- is their enough evidence
Types of Sacroids
6 Options
Occult, Verrucous, Nodular , Fibroblastic, Mixed , Malignant
Bacillus Camette Guerin (BCG) vaccine:
Can be used for Sarcoids
CO2 Laser
Remove Sarcoids
Sarcoids are caused by
bovine papilloma virus (BPV)
AW4 LUDES
Liverpool cream
Sitfast
area become necrotic due to pressure
Folliculitis can be
bacterial or fungal
Grease Bumps
can be an issue clipping
Line Firing is not
banned in Ireland
Cellutitis is a
bacteria infection
Treatements of cellulities
Bute, Steriods ,Diurectics , Hydrotherapy
Lymphangitis is inflammation of the
lymphatic system
Skin assists in the sythesis of
Vit D
Uses of CT scan
Head teeth sinus etc . Headshaking. Maybe lower limb
Anthroscopy
Treatment or diagnosis within synovial structure
Gastrostomy uses a
3 metre tube
Extracorperal shock wave therapy
Should increase blood flow and activation oestogenic factors.
Acts as pain relieve
Adequan can be used for
Djd
Usa travel must be tested for
Eia , dourine, gland3rs , equine piroplasmosis
Horses transported can loose weight at rate
Of 2 -3 kg per hour
Examples of drugs for nerve block
Mepivacaine or lidocaine
Clinical signs of flu
High fever up to 41 c cougging . Nasal discharge . Mild swelling under jaw
Strangles is cause by
Streptococcus equi
Atypical myopathy in horses is particularly prevalent in
autumn and spring
Sycamore is high in HGA causes
atypical myopathy
Tetanus is a bacterial infection, where the toxins produced by the
bacteria attack the horse’s nervous system
Signs to watch for if a horse is suffering from tetanus include:
Abnormal sensitivity to sound or touch
A stiff gait
Prolapse of the third eyelid, which may cover half the eye
Very rigid ears that stick up
The top of the tail sticks out
A worried expression, with retraction of the eyelids and flared nostrils due to muscle spasm
Inability to open the mouth due to spasm of the masseter (powerful chewing) muscles
Regurgitation of food and water from the nostrils and drooling of saliva from the mouth as swallowing becomes more difficult
Partially chewed hay may be held in the mouth
Colic
Tetanus Boosters
every 2/4 years
Vaccinated pregnant mares should have a tetanus toxoid booster
4 to 6 weeks prior to foaling.
Polysaccharide storage myopathy results in an
abnormal accumulation of glycogen, the form of sugar stored in muscle.
A genetic mutation in the glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1) gene causes
PSSM1
PSSM1 is more commonly observed in
Quarter Horses, related breeds such as Paints and Appaloosas, and draft breeds, although cases have been reported in more than 20 breeds.
. The cause of PSSM2 remains unknown; there may actually
multiple causes
Clinical signs of PSSM
weating, lameness, sore muscles, undiagnosed lameness, poor performance, and muscle tremors (“tying up”). These may occur with or without exercise. Under saddle, affected horses may be reluctant to go forward or collect. Some affected horses, however, do not exhibit any clinical signs.
Testing for PSSM1
genetic test for the GYS1 variant. This can be performed on hair or blood samples.
Approximately 50% of affected horses with PSSM1 show improvement under
dietary management
most important finding in this study was that serum selenium concentration was significantly lower in
cribbing horses than in controls, with the lowest levels measured while horses were actually cribbing,
Beet pulp is an energy-rich source of digestible fiber that
helps promote a healthy microbial population in the hindgut.”
Recurrent equine rhabdomyolysis (RER)
RER is the form of recurrent tying up seen
in Thoroughbreds, Standardbreds and Arabians. RER is thought to involve an abnormality, or increased sensitivity, when a muscle cell contracts. There is no clear genetic predisposition yet, but one may be identified in the future. These types of contractility abnormalities cannot be seen on a muscle biopsy. More commonly, a presumptive diagnosis is made, especially if they are considered higher risk (young TB, female, nervous nature).
Management issues which can cause tying up
Over-exercised for the level of fitness
Inappropriate diet (too much starch and too little fibre)
Insufficient electrolyte supplementation
Heat exhaustion
A FEC is a diagnostic test performed by a lab to determine how many
dult egg-laying worms your horse has currently.
FECs only detect adult (egg laying) worms and therefore it does not tell you about the number of
immature worms (larvae) in the horse’s gut. or the tapeworm infection as these eggs are shed intermittently
Which wormers can kill tapeworm
praziquantel or double dose pyrantel
Incubation period of strangles
3 to 14 days
How much would you feed for maintence
1.5% of bodyweight of which 95-100% would be roughage
Three types of equine herpes disease syndromes
upper respiratory disease, abortion, neurological
Less than 70% improvement after nerve block equal
another issue
Of horses with DDFT lesions, about 15% have
low heels/broken back hoof pastern axis
current gold standard for EHV-1 testing is for veterinarians to use a swab to take a sample from the
nasal tract
Equine herpesvirus type 1 has no cure. In fact, the virus can never be eliminated from a horse’s body entirely. It stays nestled in
lymphocytes and or centeral nervous system for life
Cryptorchids are intact males with
hidden testes
Approximately 3-4% of colts are
cryptochids
Horses can be either unilateral (one testicle not descended) or bilateral (both testicles not descended)
cryptochids
Owners shouldn’t become concerned that a colt is a true cryptorchid until he’s reached
18 months
How to diagnosis crypochids
palpation, blood for HcG testing
A CT image is a computerised imaging procedure produced by a
narrow beam of x-rays which are quickly rotated around the point of interest. This produces signals that are then processed by the computer to generate cross-sectional images or ‘slices’ of the body. These slices contain considerably more detail than conventional x-rays and can be stacked together to produce three dimensional images.
CT imaging is used when we suspect conditions of:
· Sinus cavities
· Nasal passages
· The Skull – masses or fractures
· Cervical vertebrae
· Brain and neck lesions
· Headshaking
· Dental conditions
· Bony changes in the legs
Choke -
horses swallowing whole large pieces of carrots or apples, eating un-soaked sugar beet, horses with poor teeth that are not able to chew their food normally, excited or greedy horses that swallow without chewing properly, horses post exercise that have a dry oesophagus and choke if given a haynet and very rarely, it can be due to tumours or strictures in the oesophagus.
Treatment of choke:
Sedation/Muscle relaxants
Stomach Tube
Low Warm water
Anti-biotics
Stage 2 Vetting
Stage 1: Preliminary Examination: Identification of the horse including the presence of a microchip. A clinical examination of the horse including assessment of the eyes, heart, lungs, teeth, skin, feet, limb and body palpation.
Stage 2: Trot Up: Walk and trot in-hand in a straight line and flexion tests, possible lunging, turning and backing.
Stage 5
Stage 1: Preliminary Examination: Identification of the horse including the presence of a microchip. A clinical examination of the horse including assessment of the eyes, heart, lungs, teeth, skin, feet, limb and body palpation.
Stage 2: Trot Up: Walk and trot in-hand in a straight line and flexion tests, possible lunging, turning and backing.
Stage 3: Strenuous ridden exercise: Unbroken horses may be lunged. The horse is assessed whilst ridden, where possible in all paces. This enables the horse to be assessed orthopaedically, as well as undergoing a useful cardiac and respiratory evaluation whilst being ridden. Seeing a horse under saddle is also a good way to evaluate the back.
Stage 4: Period of rest to monitor recovery: This may elicit any stiffness when the horse is re-examined at the 5th stage. The horse is examined loose in the stable to assess behaviour. This is a good opportunity to check all the documentation, such as the horse’s passport.
Stage 5: Final trot up: This may include repeat flexion tests and possible lunging on firm and soft surface where appropriate.
Arti-Cell® FORTE
Used to treat mild to moderate lameness linked to non-infective joint inflammation in horses. It contains stem cells which are obtained from equine blood. Stem cells can develop into other types of cells. The stem cells in the active substance (mesenchymal stem cells) are treated so that they develop into cartilage cells.
Arti cell forte should treat
Reduction of mild to moderate recurrent lameness associated with non-septic joint inflammation in horses
Bog spavin is a swelling of the upper joint – called the
tarsocrural joint - leak of synovial fluid - either synovities or djd
Bone spavin is a degenerative joint disease in the
lower joints of the hock that has progressed to osteoarthritis. There are three lower hock joints: the tarsometatarsal and the distal intertarsal are most often affected. The third joint, the proximal intertarsal, is less likely to develop bone spavin.
Serratus Ventralis has a
cervical and thoratic portion
Anti Cell Forte is
ready to use stem cell
10 ml Desect to
500 ml water
There are two varietis of lice:
bloodsucking (Haematopinus asini) and biting (Damalinia equi). Both species are six-legged, tiny, wingless and usually light brown in colour.
Lice have a life cycle of between
10 - 21 days
Dilaterol
Treatment of respiratory disease in horses where it is considered that airway obstruction due to bronchospasm and or accumulation of mucus is a contributing factor, and improved mucociliary clearance is desirable.
Ventipulmin is a drug used to open
the respiratory passages of horses and to help clear them of mucus. This can be beneficial in some allergic respiratory diseases, often associated with a cough, due to mould spores in hay and straw (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD). Ventipulmin is also useful in cases where infection of the respiratory tract is involved, such as equine influenza. Where bacterial infection is present, antibiotics can be used as well. Ventipulmin is available as Ventipulmin Granules or Ventipulmin Syrup to add to food. There is also a Ventipulmin Injection available.
Domosedan at least
50 pounds
Oestrogen suplhate
Rig over 3
Rig below 3 test before and
Aftee HCG injection
