Muscles

Question 1

Synergists

Answer 1

two (or more) muscles perform the same action

Question 2

Antagonist

Answer 2

the muscle that is relaxing or lengthening

Question 3

Agonist

Answer 3

Prime mover

The muscle that is contracting

Question 4

Tendon

Answer 4

flexible but inelastic cord of strong fibrous collagen tissue attaching a muscle to a bone.

Question 5

aponeuroses

Answer 5

the tendons of flatter, broader muscles (large sheets)

Question 6

Orgin

Answer 6

generally the point of attachment on the body that does not move when the muscle is activated

Question 7

Insertion

Answer 7

usually the point of attachment that does move.

Question 8

deep fascia

Answer 8

a dense connective tissue that is commonly arranged in sheets that form a stocking around the muscles and tendons beneath the superficial fascia

Question 9

muscle fiber

Answer 9

muscle cell

Question 10

myofibrils

Answer 10

long filaments that run parallel to each other to form muscle (myo) fibers

Question 11

Parellel muscles

Answer 11

have fascicles that are arranged in the same direction as the long axis of the muscle

Question 12

Fusiform

Answer 12

have a larger central region called a muscle belly tapering to tendons on each end

Question 13

Convergent

Answer 13

has a widespread expansion over a sizable area and the fascicles come to a single, common attachment poin

Question 14

Pennate

Answer 14

blend into a tendon that runs through the central region of the muscle for its whole length, somewhat like the quill of a feather with the muscle fascicles arranged similar to the feathers

Question 15

Power lever

Answer 15

the effort arm is longer than the load arm,

Question 16

Speed lever

Answer 16

the load arm is longer than the effort arm,

Question 17

slow oxidative fibers

Answer 17

contract relatively slowly and use aerobic respiration (oxygen and glucose) to produce ATP.

Question 18

fast oxidative fibers

Answer 18

have relatively fast contractions and primarily use aerobic respiration to generate ATP

Question 19

fast glycolytic fibers

Answer 19

have relatively fast contractions and primarily use anaerobic glycolysis

Question 20

slow oxidative function

Answer 20

maintaining posture, producing isometric contractions, and stabilizing bones and joints.

Question 21

fast glycolytic function

Answer 21

produce rapid, forceful contractions associated with quick, powerful movements.

Question 22

fast oxidative function

Answer 22

used primarily for movements, such as walking, that require more energy than postural control but less energy than an explosive movement.

Question 23

glycolysis

Answer 23

a glucose molecule will get modified to two pyruvate molecules

Question 24

krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

Answer 24

high-energy molecules, including ATP, NADH, and FADH2, are created. NADH and FADH2 then pass electrons through the electron transport chain in the mitochondria to generate more ATP molecules

Question 25

electron transport chain

Answer 25

uses the NADH and FADH2 produced by the Krebs cycle to generate ATP.

Question 26

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 26

the synthesis of new glucose molecules from pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, or the amino acids alanine or glutamine

Question 27

Muscles cells consist of..

Answer 27

sacrolemma, mitochondria, multiple nuclei, sarcoplasmic reticulum, actin & myosin, myofibrils

Question 28

myofilament

Answer 28

one of the individual filaments of actin or myosin that make up a myofibril

Question 29

thin filament

Answer 29

actin, troponin, tropomyosin

Question 30

thick filament

Answer 30

myosin

Question 31

Answer 31

red: tendon, green: epimysium, black: perimysium, light blue: fascicle, purple: muscle fiber, yellow: sarcolemma, orange: myofibril, pink: deep fascia, blue: endomysium

Question 32

At what relative length of a muscle can you produce the greatest amount of tension
(isometric contraction)

Answer 32

when thick and thin filaments overlap between about 80 percent to 120 percent

Question 33

What is the relationship between number of crossbridges (or crossbridge cycles) formed
and the amount of tension a muscle cell can generate at a given time?

Answer 33

The more crossbridges, the more contractions, therefore more tension.

Question 34

How does your body vary force production in a fiber?

Answer 34

the amount of motor units activated

Question 35

What is a muscle fiber twitch?

Answer 35

The contraction generated by a single action potential

Question 36

twitch graph

Answer 36

Question 37

what effect
does pennation have on a muscle’s force potential?

Answer 37

it can produce relatively more tension for its size, compared to non-pennate muscles.

Question 38

how do we produce atp at rest?

Answer 38

substrate: fatty acids, method: aerobic metabolism

Question 39

how to we produce atp during moderate activity?

Answer 39

substrate: fatty acids and glucose, method: aerobic metabolism

Question 40

how do we producte atp during vigorous activity?

Answer 40

substrate: glucose, Method: anaerobic & aerobic metabolism

Question 41

what causes muscle fatigue

Answer 41

shortage of atp, depletion of reserves, damage to sarcolemma & SR, unable to release CA2+, lowered pH, muscle exhaustion, mental exhaustion