Cardiovascular unit 2

Question 1

pulmonary circuit

Answer 1

transports blood to and from the lungs, where it picks up oxygen and delivers carbon dioxide for exhalation

Question 2

systole

Answer 2

The period of contraction that the heart undergoes while it pumps blood into circulation

Question 3

diastole

Answer 3

The period of relaxation that occurs as the chambers fill with blood

Question 4

Cardiac Output (CO)

Answer 4

The amount of blood (ml/min) pumped by the heart per minute (this equals blood flow through the entire body). Calculated by: heart rate X stroke volume. CO = HR x SV

Question 5

Stroke volume (SV)

Answer 5

The volume of blood ejected by the left (or right) ventricle per beat (ml/beat)

Question 6

Heart Rate (HR)

Answer 6

The number of times the heart contracts per minute (beats/min)

Question 7

Blood Pressure

Answer 7

The force exerted on a vessel wall by the enclosed blood (mm Hg); unless otherwise stated, “blood pressure” usually refers to pressure in large systemic arteries near heart; blood pressure gradients create the driving force for blood flow

Question 8

Total Peripheral Resistance

Answer 8

The amount friction encountered by blood as it flows through all of the blood vessels in the body; affected mostly by vessel diameter; the higher the resistance, the more difficult it is to move blood through the vessel

Question 9

Systole

Answer 9

Contraction of the heart; can be used to describe atria or ventricles

Question 10

Diastole

Answer 10

Relaxation of the heart; can be used to describe atria or ventricles

Question 11

Systolic Pressure

Answer 11

Maximum pressure in the arteries during a heart cycle; occurs during ventricular systole (mmHg)

Question 12

Diastolic Pressure

Answer 12

Minimum pressure in the arteries; occurs just before aortic semi-lunar valve opens (mmHg)

Question 13

Pulse

Answer 13

The throbbing caused by the regular expansion and recoil of the arteries as the ventricles eject blood (or not) into the arteries. Can be felt through the skin in several places on the body. Counting the number of pulses/minute is a non-invasive way of determining heart rate.

Question 14

Pulse pressure

Answer 14

The difference in blood pressure between systolic and diastolic pressure

Question 15

Mean arterial pressure

Answer 15

The mean diastolic pressure plus one third of the pulse pressure; the mean force driving blood flow

Question 16

Baroreceptors

Answer 16

Special cells that monitor pressure in the walls of the carotid arteries and aorta; associated with afferent neuron; respond to changes in mean arterial pressure

Question 17

Baroreceptor reflex

Answer 17

A reflex initiated by stimulation of baroreceptors which has the purpose of maintaining a stable level of mean arterial pressure

Question 18

What ventricle has thicker myocardium

Answer 18

left

Question 19

Which ventricles pumps to which system?

Answer 19

Right: Pulmonary
Left: Systemic

Question 20

During the time of early ventricular filling, which has the lowest pressure in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 20

right ventricle

Question 21

Which of the following is essential to the proper coordination of a single heart beat?

Answer 21

Gap junctions between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

Question 22

Does the heart need lots of nutrients to cause contraction? Where does the heart receive this nutrients?

Answer 22

Your body uses potassium and sodium as electrolytes to help conduct electrical signals in the heart. Without an appropriate balance of these, contractions become abnormal, with the potential of heart being increased because of it.

The coronary arteries

Question 23

Where does the healthy cardiac muscle obtain most of its ATP (through aerobic or anaerobic
metabolism)? What anatomical clues are highly suggestive of this?

Answer 23

mostly aerobic
because of the proximity to the lungs, and the supply of oxygen that allows for aerobic respiration

Question 24

Pericardium and functions

Answer 24

Your pericardium is a protective, fluid-filled sac that surrounds your heart and helps it function properly.

Function: Keeps heart in place, prevents heart from stretching to much and overfilling with blood, prevents friction

Question 25

Layers heart

Answer 25

epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Question 26

What
is the name of the connective tissue around the great vessels of the heart, separating the atria
from the ventricles and supporting the valves?

Answer 26

the fibrous skeleton of the heart is what surrounds the great vessels of the heart, separates the atria and ventricles and supports the valves

Question 27

How is the left side of the heart different than the right?

Answer 27

The myocardium id thicker and it pumps blood to the systemic circuit

Question 28

How important is the intrinsic conduction system?

Answer 28

the intrinsic conduction system is a network of non-contractile cells
distributes impulses throughout the heart
sets the basic rhythm of the heart

Question 29

only complete ring formed around trachea

Answer 29

cricoid cartalidge