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PHS-3103 > Muscles > Flashcards

Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four basic types in the human body?

A

1) Muscle
2) Epithelial Tissue
3) Nerves
4) Connective Tissue

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2
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

1) Skeletal muscle
2) Cardiac muscle
3) Smooth muscle

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3
Q

What is the primary function of muscle tissue?

A

To produce movement

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4
Q

Muscle tissue consists of muscle cells that are ____________

A

Specialized for contraction.

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5
Q

Main function of Skeletal Muscle

A

Moves the body by pulling on our bones, making it possible for movements.

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6
Q

Function of Cardiac muscle

A

pumps blood through the cardiovascular
system.

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7
Q

Function of Smooth muscle (2x)

A

pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and other internal organs and regulates the diameters of small arteries and respiratory bronchioles.

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscle Functions (6x)

A

1) Producing Movement
2) Maintaining Posture and Body Position
3) Supporting Soft Tissues
4) Guarding Body Entrances and Exits
5) Maintaining Body Temperature
6) Storing Nutrients

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9
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function: Producing Movement (How?)

A

In general, skeletal muscle contractions pull on tendons to move our bones.
Skeletal muscle actions range from simple motions, such as extending the arm or breathing, to the highly coordinated movements of swimming or piano playing.

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10
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function: Maintaining Posture and Body Position (How?)

A

Tension in our skeletal muscles maintains body posture—for example, holding your head still when you read a book or balancing your body weight above your feet when you walk.

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11
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function: Supporting Soft Tissues (How?)

A

Layers of skeletal muscle make up the abdominal wall and the pelvic floor cavity.
These muscles support the weight of our visceral organs and shield our internal tissues from injury.

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12
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function: Guarding Body Entrances and Exits (How?)

A

Skeletal muscles called sphincters encircle the openings of the digestive and urinary tracts. These muscles give us voluntary control over swallowing, defecating, and urinating.

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13
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function: Maintaining Body Temperature (How?)

A

Muscle contractions use energy, and whenever energy is
used in the body, some of it is converted to heat. The heat
released by working muscles keeps body temperature in
the range needed for normal functioning.

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14
Q

Skeletal Muscle Function: Storing Nutrients (How?)

A

When our diet contains too few proteins or calories, the proteins in skeletal muscles are broken down, and their amino acids are released into circulation to supply the
energy and nutrient needs of the entire body. The liver can use some of these amino acids to synthesize glucose, and others can be broken down to provide energy.

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15
Q

Individual Muscle Cell (One Muscle Fiber) is enclosed by ______________

A

Endomysium

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16
Q

Muscle Fascicle (Bundles of Muscle Cells) is enclosed by

A

Perimysium

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17
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue is enclosed by

A

Connective tissue, Epimysium

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18
Q

The Organization of Skeletal Muscle

A

1) Muscle Tissue
2) Muscle Fascicle
3) Individual Muscle Cell

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19
Q

The Organization of Skeletal Muscle Membrane

A

1) Epimysium
2) Perimysium
3) Endomysium

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20
Q

A skeletal muscle tissue consists of _______________

A

multiple fascicles (bundles of muscle fibers)

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21
Q

Each muscle fiber/cell has many _______________, as well as _______ and other ________

A

Superficial nuclei, as well as mitochondria and other organelles

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22
Q

What forms a tendon or aponeurosis?

A

Collagen fibers of the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium come together to form

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23
Q

What is aponeurosis?

A

A sheet of pearly white fibrous tissue that takes the place of a tendon in flat muscles having a wide area of attachment

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24
Q

Where do tendons and aponeuroses attach to skeletal muscle? Result?

A

Where they contact the bone, the collagen fibers extend into the bone matrix, providing a firm attachment. As a result, any contraction of the muscle pulls on the attached bone.

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25
Q

Where do tendons and aponeuroses attach to skeletal muscle? Result?

A

The collagen fibers extend into the bone matrix, where they contact the bone, providing a firm attachment. As a result, any contraction of the muscle pulls on the attached bone.

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26
Q

Muscle contractions require a small quantity of energy (T/F)

A

False

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27
Q

What is the role of Nerves in their relation to Muscles?

A

Simtulates the Muscles to contract (tells the muscles to move)

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28
Q

An extensive vascular network delivers the oxygen and nutrients and carries away the metabolic wastes generated by active skeletal muscles. (T/F)

A

True

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29
Q

Why are skeleton muscles often called voluntary muscles?

A

We have voluntary control over their contractions

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30
Q

How are skeleton muscle fibers different from the “typical” cells?

A

1) Size (Skeleton muscle fibers are enormous)
2) Multinucleated (Each cell contains hundreds of nuclei)
3) Banded/Striated

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31
Q

Why are skeleton muscle fibers multinucleated?

A

To ensure faster production of proteins required for normal muscle contraction.

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32
Q

Myoblasts (Desc)

A

Groups of embryonic cells

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33
Q

Myoblasts (Func)

A

Fuses to form individual multinucleated skeletal muscle fibers. Each nucleus in a skeletal muscle fiber comes from a single myoblast

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34
Q

Microsatellite (Desc)

A

Some myoblasts do not fuse with developing
muscle fibers. They remain in adult skeletal muscle tissue as microsatellite cells.

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35
Q

Microsatellite (Func)

A

After an injury, microsatellite cells may enlarge, divide, and fuse with damaged muscle fibers to assist the repair.

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36
Q

Myofibrils (Desc)

A

Each muscle fiber contains hundreds to thousands of
cylindrical structures called myofibrils.

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37
Q

The striations are due to _________________

A

the precise arrangements of thin (actin) and thick (myosin) filaments in the myofibrils.

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38
Q

What is the function of T tubules?

A

To release Calcium and reabsorb Calcium

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39
Q

Sarcolemma (DESC)

A

AKA plasma membrane of a muscle fiber surrounds the sarcoplasm or cytoplasm of the muscle fiber.

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40
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (DESC)

A

Membrane complex in skeletal muscle fibers forms a tubular network around each myofibril,

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41
Q

Transverse tubules (DESC)

A

Contain extracellular fluid (high in Ca and Na ions). They are continuous tubes of the sarcolemmal membrane that run through (transversely) the muscle fiber

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42
Q

Muscle fibers contain

A

1) Sarcolemma
2) Sacroplasm
3) Myofibril
4) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
5) Transerve tubules

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43
Q

Each myofibril is covered by

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum and branches of T tubules.

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44
Q

Myofibrils consist of bundles of protein filaments called

A

myofilaments

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45
Q

two types of myofilaments:

A

thin filaments (actin), and thick filaments (myosin).

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46
Q

Scattered among the myofibrils are

A

mitochondria and granules of glycogen, the storage form of glucose.

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47
Q

Mitochondrial activity and glycolysis (glycogen breakdown to glucose) provide _________ in the form of ________ for ___________

A

provide energy in the form of ATP for muscular contractions.

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48
Q

The active shortening of myofibrils result in

A

➠ skeletal muscle fiber contraction.

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49
Q

The sliding filaments result in

A

shortening of myofibrils

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50
Q

SR is similar to

A

the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of other cells.

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51
Q

The SR is specialized for

A

the storage and release of Calcium

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52
Q

Skeletal muscle fibers actively transport

A

Calcium into the SR.

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53
Q

Sarcomere contains (4x)

A

(1) thick filaments, (2) thin filaments, (3) proteins that stabilize the
positions of the thick and thin filaments, and (4) proteins that regulate the interactions between thick and thin filaments

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54
Q

The arrangement of thick filaments and thin filaments produces

A

the characteristic banding of myofibrils and muscle tissue as a whole.

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55
Q

Bands of the Sarcomere

A

1) A bands
2) I bands

56
Q

Each sarcomere has dark bands called

A

A bands

57
Q

Each sarcomere has light bands called

A

I bands

58
Q

For each sarcomere, there is one ___ zone

A

H-band (H-zone) at the center of the A band.

59
Q

I bands only have _____ filament

A

thin (actin)

60
Q

A bands have __________ filament

A

thin and thick

61
Q

H bands have ________ filament

A

thick

62
Q

H bands __________ A bands

A

bisects

63
Q

M lines are located

A

in the middle of H bands

64
Q

Z lines ______ I bands

A

bisects

65
Q

Thin filaments aka

A

Actin

66
Q

Thick filaments aka

A

Myosin

67
Q

The Sliding Filament Theory (4x)

A

The thin filaments are sliding toward the center of each sarcomere,
alongside the thick filaments

(1) the H bands and I bands narrow
(2) the zones of overlap widen
(3) the Z lines move closer together
(4) the width of the A band remains constant.

68
Q

During a contraction, sliding occurs in every sarcomere along the myofibril. Results in (3x)

A

the myofibril gets shorter. Because myofibrils are attached to
the sarcolemma at each Z line and at either end of the muscle fiber, when myofibrils get shorter ➠ so does the muscle fiber ➠ so does the muscle tissue

69
Q

Muscular Activity Is under

A

Neural Control

70
Q

Muscle tissue has

A

excitability & contractility

71
Q

What is action potential?

A

Neurotransmission between neurons

72
Q

Action potential arrives at

A

the end of neuron axon

73
Q

Neurotransmitter release from where

A

(from axon terminal)

74
Q

Neurotransmitter binds to receptor

A

(motor end plate in muscle cells)

75
Q

Action potential generated where

A

(in muscle)

76
Q

Action potential causes

A

Ca2+ release

77
Q

Sliding filaments causes what

A

(contraction)

78
Q

Sliding filaments causes muscle contraction and generates what

A

muscle tension

79
Q

Muscular Activity steps (8x)

A
  1. Neurotransmission between neurons (action potential)
  2. Action potential arrives at the end of neuron axon
  3. Neurotransmitter release (from axon terminal)
  4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor (motor end plate in muscle cells)
  5. Action potential generated (in muscle)
  6. Action potential causes Ca2+ release
  7. Sliding filaments (contraction)
  8. Generation of muscle tension
80
Q

The nervous system is like the ___________________

A

command center of the body

81
Q

The nervous system (FUNC)

A

senses changes inside and outside of the body processes the
information, and responds by sending out commands.

82
Q

Signal transduction within one neuron: (2x)

A
  1. action potential/electric impulses
  2. ion channels
83
Q

Signal jumping from one neuron to another neuron: (3x)

A
  1. Synapse
  2. Neurotransmitters (released from presynaptic terminal)
  3. Receptors (on postsynaptic terminal)
84
Q

Animal cells are surrounded by a

A

lipid bilayer membrane with proteins embedded.

85
Q

The lipid bilayer membrane serves

A

as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to ions.

86
Q

The difference in the number of charged ions inside and outside of the cell RESULTS IN

A

different electric potential - membrane potential (A.K.A. transmembrane potential or membrane voltage)

87
Q

The membrane is what?

A

impermeable, which means some molecules can get through while others can not

88
Q

Is the voltage inside and outside the membrane always different?

A

Yes

89
Q

The voltage inside is

A

ALWAYS Negative

90
Q

In A&P, Polarized always means

A

negatively polarized

91
Q

The concentration gradients of the ions RESULTS IN

A

electrochemical gradient → flow of ions down their concentration gradients when ion channels open

92
Q

Ion channels allow what to happen when open?

A

allow certain chemicals get through when open

93
Q

Ion channels open when?

A

they open and close either spontaneously or in response to a specific stimulus, such as the binding of a small molecule to the channel protein (ligand-gated ion channels) or a change in voltage across the membrane that is sensed by charged segments of the channel protein

94
Q

For anything to happen _______ has to occur

A

Depolarization

95
Q

For things to stay stable, __________________ has to continue

A

Polarization

96
Q

Action potential occurs when

A

The membrane depolarizes

97
Q

An action potential:

A

a rapid rise and subsequent fall in membrane potential (voltage)
across a neuron cell membrane with a characteristic pattern.

98
Q

An action potential (nerve impulse) travels down

A

an axon, away from the cell body.

99
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Communication between a neuron and another cell occurs at a synapse. When the other cell is a skeletal muscle fiber, the synapse is known as a neuromuscular junction (NMJ).

100
Q

Neuromuscular Junction is made up of

A

an axon terminal of a neuron, a specialized region of the sarcolemma called the motor end plate, and, in between, a narrow space called the synaptic cleft.

101
Q

A motor neuron stimulates a muscle fiber through a series of steps. (3x) which are?

A

(1) The axon terminal of a neuron releases a chemical signal called neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. This signal is acetylcholine, or ACh.
(2) ACh binds to an ACh receptor on the motor end plate of the muscle fiber. The ACh receptor is a Na+ channel. ACh binding opens the channel, allowing Na+ to enter the cell.
(3) The inflow of positive charges (Na+) depolarizes the motor end plate and generates an action potential that sweeps across the sarcolemma.

102
Q

Steps that Initiate a Muscle Contraction

A
  1. ACh released
  2. Action potential teachers T tubule
  3. Sacroplasmic reticulum releases stored Calcium
  4. Active sites exposed and cross-bridges form
    Contraction cycle begins
103
Q

Steps that End a Muscle Contraction

A
  1. ACh is broken down
  2. Sacroplasmic reticulum reabsorbs Calcium
  3. Active sites covered, and cross-bridge formation ends
  4. Contraction ends
  5. Muscle relaxation occurs
104
Q

The only energy source used directly for muscle contraction is

A

ATP

105
Q

Available energy stores are depleted within

A

4-6 seconds in active muscles.

106
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are found only in

A

the heart

107
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are relatively ____________ compared to skeletal muscle cells.

A

small

108
Q

A typical cardiac muscle cell has

A

a single, centrally placed nucleus.

109
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are typically

A

branched.

110
Q

Each cardiac muscle cell contacts

A

several others at specialized sites known as intercalated discs.

111
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts without

A

neural stimulation.

112
Q

The nervous system can alter the pace or rate set by ___________ and adjust the amount of tension produced during a contraction (CARDIAC)

A

the pacemaker cells

113
Q

Smooth muscle do not have ___________

A

straition

114
Q

Smooth muscles tissue (DESC)

A

Forms sheets, bundles, or sheaths around other tissues in almost every organ –> function to move substances through internal passageways

115
Q

Smooth Muscles tissue (func)

A

to move substances through internal passageways.

116
Q

Smooth muscles play a variety of roles in various body systems: (4x)

A

1) Cardiovascular System
2) Respiratory System
3) Digestive System
4) Urinary System

117
Q

Cardiovascular System (Smooth muscle) Where are they and what do they do?

A

Smooth muscles around blood vessels control blood flow through vital organs and help regulate blood pressure.

118
Q

Respiratory System (Smooth muscle)

A

smooth muscles contract or relax to alter the diameters of airway and change their resistance to airflow.

119
Q

Digestive System (Smooth muscle)

A

contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract moves materials along the tract; in the walls of the gallbladder ejects bile into the GI tract.

120
Q

Urinary System (Smooth muscle)

A

contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the ureters transports urine to the urinary bladder, and in the wall of the urinary bladder forces urine out of the body.

121
Q

Where are sphincters located?

A

In both the digestive and urinary systems

122
Q

sphincters (func)

A

control the movement of materials along internal passageways.

123
Q

Smooth muscle tissue, like skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues, contains

A

actin and myosin

124
Q

Each smooth muscle cell is ________ shaped, and has _____________

A

spindle-shaped (tapered at both ends) and has a single, centrally located nucleus.

125
Q

Smooth muscle cells lack

A

myofibrils and sarcomeres.

126
Q

Because Smooth muscle cells lack myofibrils and
sarcomeres, this tissue

A

has no striations and is called nonstriated muscle.

127
Q

Muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle form bundles called

A

fascicles

128
Q

The muscle fibers in a single fascicle are

A

parallel,

129
Q

the arrangement of fascicles in skeletal muscles

A

can vary as parallel muscles, convergent muscles, pennate muscles, and circular muscles

130
Q

The human body has approximately

A

700 muscles.

131
Q

The skeletal system is divided into

A

axial and appendicular divisions

132
Q

The axial muscles arise on the axial skeleton, including what %

A

60% of the skeletal muscles.

133
Q

The axial muscles located at

A

(1) position the head and vertebral column, (2) move the rib cage, assists the movements required for breathing, (3) form the pelvic floor.

134
Q

The appendicular muscles

A

stabilize and move the appendicular skeleton, 40% of skeletal muscles,

135
Q

The appendicular muscles are located at

A

the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles and the upper and lower limbs.

136
Q

These are superficial muscles, which tend to be

A

rather large.

137
Q

The superficial muscles cover

A

deeper, smaller muscles that we normally cannot see unless the overlying muscles are removed.

PHS-3103 (10 decks)

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