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PHS-3103 > A&P Exam 1 (Chap 1-8) > Flashcards

A&P Exam 1 (Chap 1-8) Flashcards

1
Q

Polymer

A

a long/large molecule consisting of many similar building blocks/units (ie monomers)

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2
Q

Examples of polymers

A
  1. Carbohydrates
  2. Proteins
  3. Nucleic acids
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3
Q

Carbohydrates

A

simple sugars and polymers of sugars

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4
Q

Simplest Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides

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5
Q

Function of polysaccharides

A

energy storage (ie glycogen)

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6
Q

Glycogen storage

A

stored in liver and muscle cell

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7
Q

Hydrolysis of glycogen

A

Releases glucose when the demand for energy increases

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8
Q

Lipids

A

do not form polymers, are hydrophobic & nonpolar

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9
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

solid at room temperature

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10
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

liquid at room temperature

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11
Q

Most biologically important lipids

A

fats, phospholipids, & steriods

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12
Q

Functions of fats

A

energy storage (better at energy storage than carbo & protein)

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13
Q

Adipose cells

A

contains long-term energy reserves

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14
Q

Adipose tissue

A

cushions vital organs & insulates the body

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15
Q

Proteins

A

work as enzymes, function in defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support. (made from the same set of 20 amino acids)

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16
Q

Polypeptides

A

unbranched polymers built from amino acids

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17
Q

Polypeptides

A

unbranched polymers built from amino acids

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18
Q

Protein diversity

A
  1. Enzymatic proteins
  2. Defensive proteins
  3. Storage proteins
  4. Transport proteins
  5. Hormonal proteins
  6. Receptor proteins
  7. Contracile and motor proteins
  8. Structural proteins
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19
Q

Enzymatic proteins

A

Func: selective acceleration of chemical rxn
Ex: Digestive enzymes

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20
Q

Defensive proteins

A

Func: Protection against disease
Ex: Antibodies inactivate and help destroy viruses and bacteria

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21
Q

Storage proteins

A

Func: Storage of amino acids
Ex: Ovalbumin

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22
Q

Transport proteins

A

Func: Transport of substances
Ex: Hemoglobin

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23
Q

Hormonal proteins

A

Func: Coordination of an organism’s activities
Ex: Insulin

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24
Q

Receptor proteins

A

Func: Response of cell to chemical stimuli
Ex: Receptors built into the membrane of a nerve cell

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25
Q

Contractile and motor proteins

A

Func: Movement
Ex: Motor proteins

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26
Q

Structural proteins

A

Func: Support
Ex: Keratins

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27
Q

Nucleic Acids Functions

A

Store, Transmit, and Help express hereditary informations

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28
Q

Nucleotides Composition

A

nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate group

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29
Q

Somatic cells

A

all body cells except sex cells

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30
Q

Centrosomes and Centroles

A

Func: essential for movement of chromosomes during cell division; organization of microtubules in cytoskeleton (needed for cell reproduction)

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31
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Func: strength and support; movement of cellular structures and material
Composition: Protein organized in fine filaments or slender tubes

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32
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Func: Isolation; protection; sensitivity; support; controls entry and exit of material
Composition: lipid bilayer containing phospholipids, steroids, and carbohydrates

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33
Q

Microvilli

A

Func: increases surface area to facilitate absorption of extracellular materials( expands surface area to gain more nutrients)

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34
Q

Cilia

A

Func: acts as a sensor. Motile cilia move materials over cell surfaces
Ex: in airway & lungs to wipe away mucous
Composition: long extensions of the plasma membrane containing microtubules. 2 types: primary and motile

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35
Q

Proteasomes

A

Func: Breakdown and recycling of damaged or abnormal intracellular proteins (garbage disposal of damaged or broken protein)
Composition: Hollow cylinders of proteolytic enzymes with regulatory proteins at their ends

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36
Q

Ribosomes

A

Func: Protein synthesis
Composition: RNA+protiens; fixed ribosomes bound to rough endoplasmic reticulum; free ribosomes scattered in cytoplasm

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37
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Func: Storage, alteration, and packaging of secretory products and lysosomal enzyme

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38
Q

Mitocondrial

A

Func: Produce 95% of the ATP required by the cell

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39
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

Func: Synthesis of secretory products; intracellular storage and transport; detoxification of drugs or toxin
Composition: Rough ER has ribosomes
Smooth ER does not have ribosomes

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40
Q

Peroxisomes

A

Func: Catabolism of fats and other organic compounds; neutralization of toxic compounds generated in the process (breaks down toxic compounds)

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41
Q

Lysosomes

A

Func: Intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens (degrade everything)

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42
Q

Nucleus

A

Func: Control of metabolism storage and processing of genetic information; control of protein synthesis

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43
Q

Tissue

A

refers to certain collections of specialized cells and cell products that perform specific functions

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44
Q

4 types of tissue

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
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45
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A
  • Covers exposed surfaces
  • Lines internal passageways and chambers
  • Produces glandular secretions
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46
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • Fills internal spaces
  • Provides structural support
  • Store energy
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47
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  • Contracts to produce movement
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48
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Propagates electrical impulses
  • Carries information
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49
Q

Composition of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Epithelia
  2. Glands
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50
Q

Epithelia

A

layers of cells covering internal or external structure

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51
Q

Glands

A

Structures that are attached to or derived from epithelia produce fluid secretions

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52
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Provide physical protection
  2. Control permeability
  3. Provide sensation
  4. Produce specialized secretions
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53
Q

Characteristics of Epithelial Tissue

A
  1. Polarity (apical and basal/lateral surfaces)
  2. Cellularity (cell junctions)
  3. Attachment (basement membrane)
  4. Avascularity (avascular)
  5. Regeneration
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54
Q

Cell junction

A
  1. Gap Junction
  2. Tight Junction
  3. Desmosome
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55
Q

Gap Junction

A
  • Formed by interlocking transmembrane proteins (connexons) –> narrow passages
  • Allow small molecules and ions to pass –> rapid communication
  • Coordination contractions in heart muscle and smooth muscle
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56
Q

Tight Junction

A
  • Fusion of the cell membranes
  • Prevents the diffusion of fluids/solutes between cells
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57
Q

Desmosome

A
  1. Hemidesmosome
  2. Spot desmosome
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58
Q

Classification of epithelia

A

Based on shape:
1. Squamous- thin & flat
2. Cubodial- squared shaped
3. Columnar- tall, slender rectangles

Based on layers
1. Simple epithelium- single layer of cells
2. Stratified epithelium- several layers of cells

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59
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Func: Reduces frictions; controls vessel permeability; performs absorption and secretion
Ex: Mesothelia lining pleural, alveoli of lungs

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60
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Func: Provides physical protection against abrasion, pathogens, and chemical attack
Ex: Surface of skin; lining of mouth, throat, esophagus

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61
Q

Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

A

Func: Limited protection, secretion, absorption
Ex: Glands; ducts; thyroid gland

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62
Q

Transitional (Stratified Cuboidal) Epithelium

A

Func: Permits repeated cycles of stretching without damage
Ex: Urinary bladder, renal pelvis, ureters

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63
Q

Simple Columnar Epithelium

A

Func: Protection, secretion, absorption
Ex: Lining of stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and collecting ducts of kidney

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64
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A

Func: Protection, secretion, move mucus with cilia
Ex: Lining of nasal cavity, trachea, & bronchi

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65
Q

Glandular epithelia

A
  1. Endocrine glands
  2. Exocrine glands
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66
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Release hormones into bloodstream, No ducts

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67
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Produce exocrine secretions, Discharge secretions through ducts onto epithelial surfaces

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68
Q

Exocrine glands Types

A
  1. Unicellular
  2. Multicellular
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69
Q

Goblet cells

A

are unicellular glands in epithelia of intestines and respiratory tract, secrete mucin, which mixes with water to form mucus

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70
Q

Multicellular exocrine glands

A
  1. Structure of the ducts
    - Simple (undivided)
    - Compound (divided)
  2. Shape of secretory portion of the gland
    - Tubular (tube shaped)
    - Alveolar or acinar (sack shaped/blind pockets)
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71
Q

Types of secretions

A
  1. Merocrine secretion
  2. Apocrine secretion
  3. Holocrine secretion
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72
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Released by secretory vesicle (exocytosis)
ex: sweat & salivary glands

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73
Q

Apocrine secretion

A

Released by shedding cytoplasm
ex: mammary glands

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74
Q

Hoolocrine secretion

A

Released by cell bursting, Gland cells are replaced by stem cells
Ex: sebaceous glands

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75
Q

Connective Tissue

A
  • a type of tissue with a diverse array of cells and other components
  • closely associated with epithelial tissue- connecting it to the rest of the body
  • Never exposed to the outside environment
  • Highly vascular
  • Contain sensory receptors
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76
Q

Categories of Connective

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Fluid connective tissues
  3. Supportive connective tissues
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77
Q

Connective tissue proper

A

Connect and protect
Cells: Fibroblasts, Fibrocytes, Adipocytes, Mesenchymal cells, Melanocytes, Macrophages, Mast cells, Lymphocytes, Microphages
Protein fibers: Collagen fibers, Reticular fibers, Elastic fibers
Ground substance: …

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78
Q

Tissue Membrane

A

Line or cover body surface, physical barriers
Consist of an epithelium supported by connective tissue

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79
Q

Types of tissue membrane

A
  1. Mucous membrane (Mucosa)
  2. Serous membranes (Serosa)
  3. Cutaneous membrane
  4. Synovial membranes
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80
Q

Mucous Membrane

A

Line passageways including digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
Func: to reduce friction, to facilitate absorption or secretion

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81
Q

Serous membrane aka Serosa

A

Line internal cavities of the body that do not open to the outside
- Parietal layer lines inner surface of cavity
- Viseral layer covers the organs
- Serous fluid between the 2 layers reduce friction

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82
Q

Pleura

A

lines pleural cavities, covers lungs

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83
Q

Pericardium

A

lines pericardial cavity, cover heart

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84
Q

Peritoneum

A

lines peritoneal cavity, covers abdominal organs

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85
Q

Cutaneous Membrane

A

Skin that covers the outer surface of the body; Thick, relatively waterproof, and usually dry

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86
Q

Synovial Membrane

A

Line synovial joint cavities; synovial fluid produced for lubrication, lack a true epithelium

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87
Q

Muscle Tissue

A

Func: for contraction

88
Q

Types of Muscle Tissue

A

1 .Skeleton muscle
2. Cardiac muscle
3. Smooth muscle

89
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Def: large muscles responsible for body movement
Composition: Striated voluntary muscle, muscle fibers (individual muscle cell is long, slender, having several hundred nuclei)
Characteristics: do not divide, new fibers are produced by divisions of myosatellite cells (a type of stem cell)
Func: Moves or stabilizes the position of the skeleton; guards entrances and exits to the digestive, respiratory, and urinary tracts; gen heat; protects internal organs

90
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A

Func: Circulates blood; maintains blood pressure
Composition: Striated involuntary muscle, cells are short, branched, and striated, usually with a single nucleus; cells are interconnected by intercalated discs
Ex: Heart

91
Q

Smooth Muscle

A

Func: Moves food, urine, and reproductive tract secretions; controls diameter of respiratory passageways; regulates diameter of blood vessel
Composition: cells are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated (involuntary), with a single, central nucleus
Ex: walls of blood vessels and in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive organ

92
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • Specialized for conducting electrical impulses
  • Concentrated in the brain and spinal cord
93
Q

Types of cells in Nervous Tissue

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia (supporting cells)
94
Q

Neurons

A
  • Cell body: contains the nucleus and nucleolus
  • Dendrites: short branches extending from the body, receive incoming signals
  • Axon (nerve fiber): long, thin extension of the cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination
95
Q

Neuroglia (supporting cells)

A
  • Maintain physical structure of tissues
  • Repair tissue framework after injury
  • Perform phagocytosis
  • Provide nutrients to neurons
  • Regulate the composition of the interstitial fluid surrounding neurons
96
Q

Integumentary system

A
  • Mutliple layers of skin
  • Other accessory structures: Hair, Nails, Glands, Blood vessel, Muscles, Nerves
  • 4 types of tissues: Epithelium, Connective Tissue, Muscle, Nerves
97
Q

Skin Functions

A

Primary: Protection
Additional: Regulation of body temp, Sensory perceptions, Synthesis of vitamin D from cholesterol under sunlight exposure, Emotional expression (Facial Expression)

98
Q

Layers of Skin

A
  1. E[idermal layer
  2. Dermis layer
  3. Subcutaneous layer
99
Q

Epidermis Composition

A
  • Stratified Squamous; Simple Cubodial or Simple Columnar
100
Q

Epidermis Function

A

Protection, Skin color, Heat dissipation (by sweat evaporation), Basal/Stem cell for regen

101
Q

Dermis Composition

A
  • Dense irregular connective tissue, no epithelial tissue
  • Fibroblast and Collagen Fibers, Blood Vessels, Nerve endings, Glands, Hair Follicles, Blood sinuses
102
Q

Dermis Function

A

Protection, anchor hair/glands, wound healing (fibroblast), sensory papillae detecting heat, pressure, touch, etc

103
Q

Subcutaneous Composition

A
  • Loose connective tissue: adipose and areolar CT
  • Fibroblast, Adipose tissue, Connective fibers, blood vessel
104
Q

Subcutaneous Function

A
  • Fat storage, cushion to minimize impact injury, insulation from cold, connecting integument to muscle layer and inner organ
  • Hydodermis
105
Q

Epidermal Layer: Cellular Composition

A
  1. Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
    - 4 major types of cells:
    a. Keratinocytes
    b. Melanocytes
    c. Langerhans cells
    d. Merkel cells
  2. Boundary of cuboidal or columnar epithelium (basal cell)
    a. simple columnar (thicker skin)
    b. simple cuboidal (thinner skin)
106
Q

Basal Cells

A

stem cells capable of dividing to replace she skin cells

107
Q

Keratinocytes

A

makes 90% of the cells; produce keratin- a tough fibrous protein that provides protection

108
Q

Melanocytes

A

produce the pigment melanin that protects against ultraviolet radiation

109
Q

Langerhans cells

A

are macrophages that originated in the bone marrow; involved in the immune responses

110
Q

Merkel cells

A

function in the sensation of touch along with the other adjacent tactile discs (receptors)

111
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Only present in thick skin

112
Q

Thick skin

A
  • Hairless
  • Palms, Soles, Fingertips
113
Q

Spinosum

A

Contains melanocytes and Langerhans cells

114
Q

Basale

A

Contains single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes, stem cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells

115
Q

Keratinization

A

the process of transforming the viable cells generated in the stratum basale w/ more of the waxy keratin

116
Q

Dermis: Collective Tissues

A

Contains 2 regions:
1. A superficial papillary layer (loose connective tissue)
2. A deeper reticular layer (dense irregular connective tissue)

117
Q

Collagen Ridges

A

Lines of cleavage or “tension lines” in the skin indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers

118
Q

Fibroblasts

A

function to produce collage to maintain the dermal layer and are particularly active during injury to repair the dermal layer of skin

119
Q

Papillary

A

Superficial portion of dermis; consists of dense irregular connective tissue with thin collagen and fine elastic fibers; contains dermal ridges that house capillaries, Meissner corpuscles and free nerve endings

120
Q

Reticular

A

Deeper portion of dermis; consists of dense irregular connective tissue w/ bundles of thick collagen and some coarse elastic fibers. Spaces between fibers contain some adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands

121
Q

Benefits of Multiple Layers

A
  • Epidermis resists damage and offers protection to underlying tissues
  • Dermis provides temperature stability and prevents dehydration, and is capable of healing
  • Subcutaneous tissues insulate, store fat, and anchor the skin
122
Q

Sensory receptors

A

Superficially: Merkel discs, free endings (detect many stimuli), Meissner corpuscles, and hair follicle receptors
Deep: Pancian corpuscles

123
Q

Thermoregulation by skin

A

Dermal blood vessels:
- Constrict to minimize heat loss
- Dilate to sweat

124
Q

Hair

A

Compositon: Keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis (made up of mostly dead keratinized cells)
Func: protects the body against the harmful effects of the sun and against heat loss, also helps with touch sensation

125
Q

Parts of Hair

A

The shaft, follicle, root (penetrates into the dermis)

126
Q

Anchoring Hair

A

Connective Tissue at root plexus within dermal layer
Smooth muscle at root plexus within dermal layer (arrector pili muscle)

127
Q

Sebaceous Gland

A

Ducts merge with hair follicle to secrete oil to surface of skin for moisture

128
Q

Papilla

A

Nerves associated with touch

129
Q

Hair root

A

deepest structure, living cuboidal epithelial cells (origination point). Growth begins here and cells move up to the superficial regions

130
Q

Types of hair

A

Languo- fine, nonpigamented, downy hairs that cover the body of the fetus
Vellus hairs- short, fin, pale hairs barely visible to the naked eye
Terminal hairs- long, coarse, heavily pigmented hairs (obvious hair)

131
Q

Sebum

A

secreted by sebaceous glands
Func: prevents dehydration of hair and skin; inhibits growth of certain bacteria

132
Q

Eccrine sweat glands (SKIN)

A

Most common and cover most of the body
Func: thermoregulation, emotional stress (ie cold sweat)

133
Q

Apocrine sweat glands (SKIN)

A

Ex: axilla, groin, bearded facial regions
Func: secretes viscous sweat to decrease friction, occurs when person is aroused, body odor

134
Q

Ceruminous glands

A

Ex: Ear canal
Func: produce waxy secretions (earwax), sticky barrier to prevent entry of foreign bodies into ear canal

135
Q

Nails

A
  • Composed of hard, keratinized DEAD epidermal cells located over the dorsal surfaces of the ends of fingers and toes
  • Structures: Free edge, Nail body (plate), Nail root
136
Q

Skin Disease Resistance

A
  1. Physical Barrier: Dense Tissue combined with keratin & hair
  2. Chemical Barrier: Water, Acids, Oils
  3. Immunological Barrier: White blood cells
137
Q

Microbe Protection

A
  1. Impermeable Keratin Layer
  2. Bacterial Flora
  3. Presence of Langerhans White Blood Cells in skin
  4. Hair helps brush off pathogens
138
Q

UV Protection

A

Melanin secreted from melanocytes to block UV rays

139
Q

Cold/Heat Protection

A
  1. Sweat: Heat Protection
  2. Adipose Tissue in Subcutaneous and Hair protects against cold
140
Q

Burn Healing: 1st degree

A

The “basal stratum” of the epidermis generate NEW keratinized squamous cells for repair (NO SCAR)

141
Q

Burn Healing: 1st degree

A

The “basal stratum” of the epidermis generate NEW keratinized squamous cells for repair (NO SCAR)

142
Q

Anatomy

A

the study of the internal and external body structures; their physical relationships among other body parts

143
Q

Physiology

A

the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions

144
Q

3 Fundamental concepts of A&P

A
  1. the structure-function relationship
  2. The hierarchy of the human body
  3. The goal to achieve homeostasis
145
Q

The hierarchy of the human body

A
  1. Chemical Level
  2. Cellular level
  3. Tissue level
  4. Organ Level
  5. Organ system level
  6. Organism level
146
Q

Homeostatic regulation

A
  1. Receptor 2. Control Center 3. Effector
147
Q

Receptor

A

a sensor that senses the alterations in the environment

148
Q

Control Center

A

processes the signal and sends instructions

149
Q

Effector

A

a cell/tissue/organ that receives instructions and works to restore homeostasis

150
Q

Positive feedback

A

feedback forward to get a process going and operate within the optimal range

151
Q

Negative feedback

A

feedback inhibition to get a process going and operate within the optimal range

152
Q

Examples of Feedback Regulation

A

HPA axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal) and HPT (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Target Organ)

153
Q

Surface anatomy

A

Exterior features

154
Q

Regional anatomy

A

Body areas

155
Q

Sectional anatomy

A

cross sections

156
Q

Systemic anatomy

A

organ systems

157
Q

Clinical anatomy

A

medical specialties

158
Q

Developmental anatomy

A

from conception to adulthood, including embryology

159
Q

Cytology

A

study of cells

160
Q

Histology

A

study of tissue

161
Q

Signs

A

objective observations

162
Q

Symptoms

A

Subjective observations (ie only the patient can tell you)

163
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side of the body as another structure

164
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite side of the body from another structure

165
Q

MRI

A

(magnetic resonance imaging) generates images of internal organs

166
Q

PET

A

(positron emission tomography) visualizes and measures changes in metabolic processes

167
Q

CT

A

(computed tomography) imaging technique combining x-rays and computer technology to produce images of internal body

168
Q

Sectional planes

A

a single view along a 2 dimensional flat surface

169
Q

Frontal (coronal) plane

A

anterior and posterior sections

170
Q

Sagittal plane

A

left and right sections

171
Q

Dorsal Cavity

A

includes the cranial and spinal cavities.

172
Q

Ventral cavity

A

thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

173
Q

What is a first-degree burn?

A

involves only the epidermis; It is characterized by mild pain and erythema (redness) but no blisters and skin functions remain intact.

174
Q

What is a second-degree burn?

A

destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis; superficial or deep; some skin functions are lost. Redness, blister formation, edema, and pain result.

175
Q

What is a third-degree burn?

A

is a full-thickness burn (destroys the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous layer). Most skin functions are lost, and the region is numb because sensory nerve endings have been destroyed.

176
Q

Burn Healing: Second Degree

A

Involves FIBROBLASTS within the Dermal Layer (which secrete heavy collagen/scar formation) and epithelial “basal” cells (to restore epithelial tissue in the epidermal layer). Basal Cells are epithelial stem cells.

177
Q

Burn Healing: Third Degree

A

ALL “epithelial cells” and “fibroblasts” are gone so that NO healing can occur. Only Skin Grafts will repair.

178
Q

Which type of burns would cause loss of function and development of scar tissue?

A

Deep wound burns

179
Q

What is a deep wound burn?

A

occurs when an injury extends to the dermis and subcutaneous layer.

180
Q

Epidermal Wound Healing (5 steps)

A

1- no clot formation
2- does not extend beyond the epidermal layer so no blood vessels are damaged
3- does not involve inflammation or recruitment of cells from blood vessels
4- basal (stem cells) divide to reform “stratum basale”
5- the basal cells of the “stratum basale” then differentiate to reform upper portion of epidermal layers

181
Q

Wound Healing: DEEP (4 steps)

A

1- requires clot formation to minimize bleeding
2- laceration extends beyond the epidermal layer and blood vessels are damaged (capillaries)
3- involve inflammation or recruitment of cells from blood vessels: 1- platelets (clotting), 2-wbcs (fight infection), 3- fibroblast (tissue repair/scar formation)
4- scar formation: collagen secretion into wound from fibroblasts within the dermal layer to fill the vacancy.

182
Q

What is a scar?

A

the final product of wound healing. The provisional matrix is replaced by collage which is NOT fragile and will be permanent

183
Q

What do Fibroblasts do (in relation to wound healing)?

A

secrete collagen resulting in a permanent Scar

184
Q

What is a Provisional Matrix?

A

is the initial and temporary scab to stop the bleeding BUT is too fragile to be permanent

185
Q

What do Platelets do (in relation to wound healing)?

A

help create scab

186
Q

Wound Healing: Transition from Provisional Matrix to Permanent Scar (3 Steps)

A

First - Provisional matrix (scab) formed (immediately limits bleeding and temporary protection against microorganisms)

Second - Macrophages slowly chew away the provisional matrix so that it can be replaced with more permanent collagen.

Third - As the provisional matrix is being chewed away, fibroblasts are secreting collagen to replace the provisional matrix with a more permanent “scar” that is ridged and better mimics what this skin was like before the injury.

187
Q

What does the skeletal system include?

A

the bones of the skeleton and the cartilages, ligaments, and other connective tissues that stabilize or connect the bones.

188
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system? (3x)

A

providing a framework for body parts (structural support), body posture (upright posture), and allowing for precise movements.

189
Q

What are the additional functions of the skeletal system? (4x)

A

protection, storage of minerals and lipids, blood cell production, and leverage.

190
Q

What are the 4 cavities?

A
  1. Vertebral
  2. Thoracic
  3. Cranial
  4. Pelvic
191
Q

What are the 6 types of bones?

A

sutural bones, irregular bones, short bones, flat bones, long bones, and sesamoid bones.

192
Q

What are the 2 types of bone tissue?

A

compact bone and spongy bone

193
Q

The medullary cavity and spaces within spongy bone contain what? (2x)

A

either red bone marrow (for blood cell formation) or yellow bone marrow (for lipid storage).

194
Q

Sutural Bones Example

A

Sutures

195
Q

Irregular Bones Example

A

Vertebra

196
Q

Short Bones Example

A

Carpal

197
Q

Flat Bones Example

A

Parietal, Skull

198
Q

Long Bones Example

A

Humerus

199
Q

Sesamoid Bones Example

A

Patella

200
Q

Main Bone Structure (3x)

A
  1. Epiphysis
  2. Metaphysis
  3. Diaphysis
201
Q

What is Epiphysis?

A

The expanded area at the end of each bone. 2 in one bone

202
Q

What is Diaphysis?

A

An extended tubular shaft,

203
Q

What is metaphysis?

A

The narrow zone where diaphysis is connected to each epiphysis

204
Q

What is Compact bone?

A

dense bone, solid and dense, with solid matrix filled with organic ground substance and inorganic salts

205
Q

What is Spongy bone?

A

characterized by its spongy, porous, honeycomb-like structure

206
Q

What is bone tissue made up of?

A

Connective tissue

207
Q

What does bone tissue contain?

A

It contains specialized cells and a matrix consisting of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance.

208
Q

How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

A

126

209
Q

How many bones are in the axial skeleton?

A

80

210
Q

How many bones are in the skeleton?

A

206

211
Q

Superior Structures of the Appendicular Skeleton is divided into: (4x)

A
  1. Shoulder
  2. Upper Arm
  3. Forearm
  4. Hand
212
Q

The pectoral girdles consist of four bones, which are

A

two S-shaped clavicles (collarbones) and two broad, flat scapulae (shoulder blades).

213
Q

What is the sternoclavicular joint?

A

the sternal end of the clavicle

214
Q

What is the acromioclavicular joint?

A

the acromial end of the clavicle

215
Q

The Upper Limb Consists of (Medial to Distal)

A
  1. Upper arm (Humerus)
  2. Forearm (Radius/Ulna)
  3. Hand
    3a. Carpal bones (wrist bones)
    3b. Metacarpal bones (hand bones)
    3c. Phalanges (fingers)

PHS-3103 (10 decks)

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