Joints Flashcards
What is the function of Bones?
To provide strength, support, and protection for softer tissue of the body
What is the disadvantage of Bones?
They are inflexible
What is the function of Joints?
To facilitate and adapt to body movement
How are Joints categorized?
By type and amount of movement
Each joint reflects a compromise between _____ & _____
Strength & Mobility
Range of motion
The amount of movement possible at a joint
Types of joints (Structure) + Examples
- Fibrous (eg Sutures)
- Cartilaginous (eg Pelvis (pubic bones))
- Bony (eg Sutures)
- Synovial (eg knee)
Types of joints (Range of Motion) + Examples
- Synarthrosis (eg, Sutures)
- Amphiathrosis (eg, Pelvis (pubic bones))
- Diarthosis (Patella)
Synarthrosis (structure) + Examples
Can be fibrous or cartilaginous, depending on the type of connection between two bones. It may form a bony joint over time. (eg Sutures)
Amphiarthrosis (structure) + Examples
Either fibrous or Cartilaginous or bony (eg Pubic bones)
Diarthrosis (Synovial) (structure) + Examples
Subdivided functionally, according to their planes of movement (Eg, patella)
Synarthrosis (desc) + Examples
The bony edges are close together and may even interlock. Is the strongest joint and prevents movements between bones
Amphiarthrosis (desc) + Examples
Permits more movement than synarthrosis but is stronger than diarthrosis. Articulating bones are connected by collagen fibers or cartilage (eg, pubic bones
Diarthrosis (desc) + Examples (Planes of movement)
Planes of movement
1. Monoaxial (elbow)
2. Biaxial (ribs)
3. Triaxial (shoulder)
Monoaxial + Examples
Movement in one plane (elbow and ankle)
Biaxial + Examples
Movement in two planes (ribs and wrist)
Triaxial + Examples
Movement in three planes (shoulder and hip)
What is the only joint structure diarthrosis can have?
Synovial
Where are Synarthroses and Amphiarthroses mostly found in?
Axial skeleton
Where are Diarthroses mostly found?
Appendicular skeleton
How does Diarthrosis joints combat their weak strength?
They are surrounded by stabilizing accessory structures
What accessory structures are Diarthrosis joints surrounded by?
- Ligament
- Fibrous capsule
- Synovial membrane
(2 & 3 are called an articular capsule together)
Articular Capsule includes (what is inner and outer)
An inner synovial membrane and Outer fibrous capsule
Does the synovial membrane cover the articulating surfaces?
No, the articular (hyaline) cartilage covers that area
Synovial membrane includes ________covered by __________. __________ (originated from ________) fills __________.
AREOLAR TISSUE covered by an incomplete EPITHELIAL LAYER. SYNOVIAL FLUID (originates from AREOLAR TISSUE) fills the joint.
What are the accessory structures of a knee joint? (5x)
- Bursa
- Fat Pad
- Meniscus
- Ligament
- Articular cartilage
Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage (DESC & FUNC)
Desc: Slick and Smooth; Do not touch one another
Func: Reduce friction through secreting synovial fluid that they absorb
Can Synovial joints function normally if the articular cartilage is damaged?
No, the cartilage matrix may break down, and the articular cartilage becomes a rough and abrasive surface of bristly collagen fibers. (result: increases friction)
What is Synovial fluid, and how is it made?
Synovial fluid is clear and viscous (like egg yolk). It contains proteoglycans and a high conc of hyaluronic acid secreted by FIBROBLAST of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.
Amount: less than 3mL
Function of Synovial Fluid
- Lubrication
- Shock Absorption (cushions joints)
- Nutrient Distribution (continuously circulates w/in joint cavity and picks up nutrients from the incomplete Epithelial layer where blood vessels drop off nutrients)
Fat Pads (DESC & FUNC)
Desc: are localized ADIPOSE TISSUE covered by a layer of SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Func: Protects the ARTICULAR CARTILAGE and acts like a packing material for joint
Meniscus (DESC & FUNC)
Desc: is FIBROCARTILAGE PAD localized between opposing joint bones
Func: Subdividing the joint cavity to channel the SYNOVIAL FLUID flow
Ligament (DESC & FUNC)
Desc: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Func: Connects bone to bone; Support, Strengthen and Reinforce SYNOVIAL JOINTS
Extracapsular ligaments
Outside the joint capsule, connecting bones
Intracapsular ligaments
Inside the joint capsule
Sprain
Ligament is stretched, Collagen fibers are torn
What heals faster and better? Broken bone or Torn ligament
Broken bone, because they have access to blood supply
Tendon (DESC & FUNC)
Desc: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Func: Attach Muscle to Bone so movement can occur around the joint; Responsible for pulling and pushing on the bone
Bursa (DESC & FUNC)
Desc: Small thin, fluid-filled pocket within CONNECTIVE TISSUE: SYNOVIAL FLUID & lined by SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Func: Buffer between tendon/ligament and tissue; Reduce friction & Shock absorbers
Where to find Bursa?
High degrees of motion and friction (eg Shoulder Joint)
Bursitis
Bursae injured –> Inflammation (Repetitive motion/ pressure over Joint/ infection/ trauma) and swelling w/ SYNOVIAL FLUID –> Pain in the affected area whenever tendon/ligament moves
Bunions + CAUSE
Forms over the base of the great toe due to CHRONIC friction and distorts the Big Toe. Most common pressure-related BURITISIS.
CAUSE: High Heels
Gliding + EX
Movement can occur in any direction, but the amount of movement is slight, and rotation is generally prevented. (eg Wrist)
Angular Movement + EX
Can change the angle against a surface but the tip is held in position. Can move forward, backward; side to side; or an intermediate angle (eg Bending Knee)
Circumduction + EX
More complex than Angular. Can move anywhere that isn’t vertical to the joint (Eg, Shoulder joint Or Wrist)
Extension
Increasing the angle between 2 points
Flexion
Decrease the angle between 2 points
Adduction
Movement towards from the midline of the body
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
Rotation
Can move side to side by can not go 360 degrees (like an owl)
Supination
Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palms face forward or upward
Pronation
rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces backwards or downwards
Plane joint + EX
Gliding joints; have flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another but the amount of movement is very slight (eg acromioclavicular joints)
Hinge joints + EX
permits angular motion in a single plane (like opening and closing a door)
Movement: Angular, Monoaxial
(eg elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joint)
Condylar joint (DESC & MOV & EX)
Ellipsoid joints; have an oval articular face nestled within a depression on the opposing surface
Movement: Angular, Biaxial
Ex: Radiocarpal joint
Pivot joint (DESC & MOV & EX)
Only permits rotation
Movement: Rotation and Monoaxial
Ex: Atlanto-axial joint, Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Ball and socket joint (DESC & MOV & EX)
round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another
Movement: Angular, Circumduction, Rotation, Triaxial
Ex: Shoulder joint, Hip joint
What are the two types of joints in the vertebral column?
- Synovial joint- pivot joints (between C1 & C2)
- Symphyses (between adjacent vertebrae excluding C1 and fused vertebrae (Sacrum and Coccyxe)
Radial Rotation involves
Pivot joints at:
1. Proximal Radio-ulnar joint
2. Distal Radio-ulnar joint
What does each intervertebral disc have?
A tough outer layer of FIBROCARTILAGE (anulus fibrosus)
Anulus fibrosus FUNC
Func: The collagen fibers of this layer attach the disc to the bodies of adjacent vertebrae; Surrounds the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS
Nucleus Pulposus (DESC & FUNC)
Desc: A soft, elastic, gelatinous core
Func: Gives the disc resiliency and enables it to absorb shocks
What almost covers the interior and superior surfaces of the Intervertebral Disc?
Hyaline Cartilage and Fibrocartilage
What makes significant contributions to a person’s height?
Intervertebral discs (accounting for ~ 1/4 of length of the vertebral column superior to the sacrum)
Why do people decrease in height as they age?
The water of the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS in each disc decreases
Numerous strong ligaments are attached to all vertebrae which ______________________
binding them together and stabilizing the vertebral column
The ligaments interconnecting adjacent vertebrae includes:
- Ligamenta flava
- Posterior longitudinal ligament
- Anterior longitudinal ligament
- Interspinous ligament
- Supraspinous ligament
Ligamenta flava
Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae
Posterior longitudinal ligament
Parallels the anterior longitudinal ligament and connects adjacent vertebral bodies
Interspinous ligaments
connect the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament
attaches to the tips of spinous processes of the vertebrae from C7 to the sacrum
What are the four movements that can take place across the intervertebral joints
- Flexion (bending anteriorly)
- Extension (bending posterior)
- Lateral flexion (bending laterally)
- Rotation
The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow is ________________
the humeroulnar joint, where the humerus articulates with ulna
The smaller humeroradial joint, ______________
the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius
Which is more complex of a joint? Knee or Elbow
Knee
Knee Joint
Permits flexion, extension, and very limited rotation
What are the bones associated with the Knee Joint?
- Femur
- Fibula
- Tibia
How many articulation are associated with the Knee Joint?
Three
?Where is the 1st articulation of the knee joint located?
Between the patella and the femur
Where are the 2nd and the 3rd articulation of the Knee Joint located?
Between the femur and the tibia (medial condyle to the medial condyle, and lateral condyle to later condyle)
The Shoulder and Hip are both ______________
Ball and Socket Joints
The Glenohumeral joint, permits __________
The greatest range of motion of any joint
The Glenohumeral joint is associated with what joint?
Shoulder Joint
What is the most frequently dislocated joint is?
Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder Joint)
What articulation is associated with the shoulder joint?
The head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
The acetabulum, ______________
a deep fossa in the hip bone, accommodates the head of the femur- the socket
Within the acetabulum, _________________
articular cartilage extends like a horseshoe to either side of the acetabular notch
The acetabular labrum is a ____________
projecting rim of rubbery fibrocartilage, increasing the depth of the joint cavity and helping to seal in synovial fluid
Arthritis and Results in (4x)
Inflammation due to damage to the synovial membrane or articular cartilage
1. Cartilage destruction
2. Bone erosion
3. Ligament loosening
4. More synovial inflammation
Some forms of arthritis are __________
autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks articular cartilage
