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PHS-3103 > Joints > Flashcards

Joints Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of Bones?

A

To provide strength, support, and protection for softer tissue of the body

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2
Q

What is the disadvantage of Bones?

A

They are inflexible

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3
Q

What is the function of Joints?

A

To facilitate and adapt to body movement

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4
Q

How are Joints categorized?

A

By type and amount of movement

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5
Q

Each joint reflects a compromise between _____ & _____

A

Strength & Mobility

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6
Q

Range of motion

A

The amount of movement possible at a joint

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7
Q

Types of joints (Structure) + Examples

A
  1. Fibrous (eg Sutures)
  2. Cartilaginous (eg Pelvis (pubic bones))
  3. Bony (eg Sutures)
  4. Synovial (eg knee)
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8
Q

Types of joints (Range of Motion) + Examples

A
  1. Synarthrosis (eg, Sutures)
  2. Amphiathrosis (eg, Pelvis (pubic bones))
  3. Diarthosis (Patella)
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9
Q

Synarthrosis (structure) + Examples

A

Can be fibrous or cartilaginous, depending on the type of connection between two bones. It may form a bony joint over time. (eg Sutures)

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10
Q

Amphiarthrosis (structure) + Examples

A

Either fibrous or Cartilaginous or bony (eg Pubic bones)

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11
Q

Diarthrosis (Synovial) (structure) + Examples

A

Subdivided functionally, according to their planes of movement (Eg, patella)

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12
Q

Synarthrosis (desc) + Examples

A

The bony edges are close together and may even interlock. Is the strongest joint and prevents movements between bones

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13
Q

Amphiarthrosis (desc) + Examples

A

Permits more movement than synarthrosis but is stronger than diarthrosis. Articulating bones are connected by collagen fibers or cartilage (eg, pubic bones

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14
Q

Diarthrosis (desc) + Examples (Planes of movement)

A

Planes of movement
1. Monoaxial (elbow)
2. Biaxial (ribs)
3. Triaxial (shoulder)

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15
Q

Monoaxial + Examples

A

Movement in one plane (elbow and ankle)

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16
Q

Biaxial + Examples

A

Movement in two planes (ribs and wrist)

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17
Q

Triaxial + Examples

A

Movement in three planes (shoulder and hip)

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18
Q

What is the only joint structure diarthrosis can have?

A

Synovial

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19
Q

Where are Synarthroses and Amphiarthroses mostly found in?

A

Axial skeleton

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20
Q

Where are Diarthroses mostly found?

A

Appendicular skeleton

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21
Q

How does Diarthrosis joints combat their weak strength?

A

They are surrounded by stabilizing accessory structures

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22
Q

What accessory structures are Diarthrosis joints surrounded by?

A
  1. Ligament
  2. Fibrous capsule
  3. Synovial membrane
    (2 & 3 are called an articular capsule together)
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23
Q

Articular Capsule includes (what is inner and outer)

A

An inner synovial membrane and Outer fibrous capsule

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24
Q

Does the synovial membrane cover the articulating surfaces?

A

No, the articular (hyaline) cartilage covers that area

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25
Q

Synovial membrane includes ________covered by __________. __________ (originated from ________) fills __________.

A

AREOLAR TISSUE covered by an incomplete EPITHELIAL LAYER. SYNOVIAL FLUID (originates from AREOLAR TISSUE) fills the joint.

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26
Q

What are the accessory structures of a knee joint? (5x)

A
  1. Bursa
  2. Fat Pad
  3. Meniscus
  4. Ligament
  5. Articular cartilage
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27
Q

Articular (Hyaline) Cartilage (DESC & FUNC)

A

Desc: Slick and Smooth; Do not touch one another
Func: Reduce friction through secreting synovial fluid that they absorb

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28
Q

Can Synovial joints function normally if the articular cartilage is damaged?

A

No, the cartilage matrix may break down, and the articular cartilage becomes a rough and abrasive surface of bristly collagen fibers. (result: increases friction)

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29
Q

What is Synovial fluid, and how is it made?

A

Synovial fluid is clear and viscous (like egg yolk). It contains proteoglycans and a high conc of hyaluronic acid secreted by FIBROBLAST of the SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE.
Amount: less than 3mL

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30
Q

Function of Synovial Fluid

A
  1. Lubrication
  2. Shock Absorption (cushions joints)
  3. Nutrient Distribution (continuously circulates w/in joint cavity and picks up nutrients from the incomplete Epithelial layer where blood vessels drop off nutrients)
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31
Q

Fat Pads (DESC & FUNC)

A

Desc: are localized ADIPOSE TISSUE covered by a layer of SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Func: Protects the ARTICULAR CARTILAGE and acts like a packing material for joint

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32
Q

Meniscus (DESC & FUNC)

A

Desc: is FIBROCARTILAGE PAD localized between opposing joint bones
Func: Subdividing the joint cavity to channel the SYNOVIAL FLUID flow

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33
Q

Ligament (DESC & FUNC)

A

Desc: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Func: Connects bone to bone; Support, Strengthen and Reinforce SYNOVIAL JOINTS

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34
Q

Extracapsular ligaments

A

Outside the joint capsule, connecting bones

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35
Q

Intracapsular ligaments

A

Inside the joint capsule

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36
Q

Sprain

A

Ligament is stretched, Collagen fibers are torn

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37
Q

What heals faster and better? Broken bone or Torn ligament

A

Broken bone, because they have access to blood supply

38
Q

Tendon (DESC & FUNC)

A

Desc: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Func: Attach Muscle to Bone so movement can occur around the joint; Responsible for pulling and pushing on the bone

39
Q

Bursa (DESC & FUNC)

A

Desc: Small thin, fluid-filled pocket within CONNECTIVE TISSUE: SYNOVIAL FLUID & lined by SYNOVIAL MEMBRANE
Func: Buffer between tendon/ligament and tissue; Reduce friction & Shock absorbers

40
Q

Where to find Bursa?

A

High degrees of motion and friction (eg Shoulder Joint)

41
Q

Bursitis

A

Bursae injured –> Inflammation (Repetitive motion/ pressure over Joint/ infection/ trauma) and swelling w/ SYNOVIAL FLUID –> Pain in the affected area whenever tendon/ligament moves

42
Q

Bunions + CAUSE

A

Forms over the base of the great toe due to CHRONIC friction and distorts the Big Toe. Most common pressure-related BURITISIS.
CAUSE: High Heels

43
Q

Gliding + EX

A

Movement can occur in any direction, but the amount of movement is slight, and rotation is generally prevented. (eg Wrist)

44
Q

Angular Movement + EX

A

Can change the angle against a surface but the tip is held in position. Can move forward, backward; side to side; or an intermediate angle (eg Bending Knee)

45
Q

Circumduction + EX

A

More complex than Angular. Can move anywhere that isn’t vertical to the joint (Eg, Shoulder joint Or Wrist)

46
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle between 2 points

47
Q

Flexion

A

Decrease the angle between 2 points

48
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards from the midline of the body

49
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from the midline of the body

50
Q

Rotation

A

Can move side to side by can not go 360 degrees (like an owl)

51
Q

Supination

A

Rotation of the forearm and hand so that the palms face forward or upward

52
Q

Pronation

A

rotation of the hand and forearm so that the palm faces backwards or downwards

53
Q

Plane joint + EX

A

Gliding joints; have flattened or slightly curved surfaces that slide across one another but the amount of movement is very slight (eg acromioclavicular joints)

54
Q

Hinge joints + EX

A

permits angular motion in a single plane (like opening and closing a door)
Movement: Angular, Monoaxial
(eg elbow joint, knee joint, ankle joint, interphalangeal joint)

55
Q

Condylar joint (DESC & MOV & EX)

A

Ellipsoid joints; have an oval articular face nestled within a depression on the opposing surface
Movement: Angular, Biaxial
Ex: Radiocarpal joint

56
Q

Pivot joint (DESC & MOV & EX)

A

Only permits rotation
Movement: Rotation and Monoaxial
Ex: Atlanto-axial joint, Proximal radio-ulnar joint

57
Q

Ball and socket joint (DESC & MOV & EX)

A

round head of one bone rests within a cup-shaped depression in another
Movement: Angular, Circumduction, Rotation, Triaxial
Ex: Shoulder joint, Hip joint

58
Q

What are the two types of joints in the vertebral column?

A
  1. Synovial joint- pivot joints (between C1 & C2)
  2. Symphyses (between adjacent vertebrae excluding C1 and fused vertebrae (Sacrum and Coccyxe)
59
Q

Radial Rotation involves

A

Pivot joints at:
1. Proximal Radio-ulnar joint
2. Distal Radio-ulnar joint

60
Q

What does each intervertebral disc have?

A

A tough outer layer of FIBROCARTILAGE (anulus fibrosus)

61
Q

Anulus fibrosus FUNC

A

Func: The collagen fibers of this layer attach the disc to the bodies of adjacent vertebrae; Surrounds the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS

62
Q

Nucleus Pulposus (DESC & FUNC)

A

Desc: A soft, elastic, gelatinous core
Func: Gives the disc resiliency and enables it to absorb shocks

63
Q

What almost covers the interior and superior surfaces of the Intervertebral Disc?

A

Hyaline Cartilage and Fibrocartilage

64
Q

What makes significant contributions to a person’s height?

A

Intervertebral discs (accounting for ~ 1/4 of length of the vertebral column superior to the sacrum)

65
Q

Why do people decrease in height as they age?

A

The water of the NUCLEUS PULPOSUS in each disc decreases

66
Q

Numerous strong ligaments are attached to all vertebrae which ______________________

A

binding them together and stabilizing the vertebral column

67
Q

The ligaments interconnecting adjacent vertebrae includes:

A
  1. Ligamenta flava
  2. Posterior longitudinal ligament
  3. Anterior longitudinal ligament
  4. Interspinous ligament
  5. Supraspinous ligament
68
Q

Ligamenta flava

A

Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae

69
Q

Posterior longitudinal ligament

A

Parallels the anterior longitudinal ligament and connects adjacent vertebral bodies

70
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

connect the spinous processes of adjacent vertebrae

71
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

attaches to the tips of spinous processes of the vertebrae from C7 to the sacrum

72
Q

What are the four movements that can take place across the intervertebral joints

A
  1. Flexion (bending anteriorly)
  2. Extension (bending posterior)
  3. Lateral flexion (bending laterally)
  4. Rotation
73
Q

The largest and strongest articulation at the elbow is ________________

A

the humeroulnar joint, where the humerus articulates with ulna

74
Q

The smaller humeroradial joint, ______________

A

the capitulum of the humerus articulates with the head of the radius

75
Q

Which is more complex of a joint? Knee or Elbow

A

Knee

76
Q

Knee Joint

A

Permits flexion, extension, and very limited rotation

77
Q

What are the bones associated with the Knee Joint?

A
  1. Femur
  2. Fibula
  3. Tibia
78
Q

How many articulation are associated with the Knee Joint?

A

Three

79
Q

?Where is the 1st articulation of the knee joint located?

A

Between the patella and the femur

80
Q

Where are the 2nd and the 3rd articulation of the Knee Joint located?

A

Between the femur and the tibia (medial condyle to the medial condyle, and lateral condyle to later condyle)

81
Q

The Shoulder and Hip are both ______________

A

Ball and Socket Joints

82
Q

The Glenohumeral joint, permits __________

A

The greatest range of motion of any joint

83
Q

The Glenohumeral joint is associated with what joint?

A

Shoulder Joint

84
Q

What is the most frequently dislocated joint is?

A

Glenohumeral Joint (Shoulder Joint)

85
Q

What articulation is associated with the shoulder joint?

A

The head of the humerus with the glenoid cavity of the scapula

86
Q

The acetabulum, ______________

A

a deep fossa in the hip bone, accommodates the head of the femur- the socket

87
Q

Within the acetabulum, _________________

A

articular cartilage extends like a horseshoe to either side of the acetabular notch

88
Q

The acetabular labrum is a ____________

A

projecting rim of rubbery fibrocartilage, increasing the depth of the joint cavity and helping to seal in synovial fluid

89
Q

Arthritis and Results in (4x)

A

Inflammation due to damage to the synovial membrane or articular cartilage
1. Cartilage destruction
2. Bone erosion
3. Ligament loosening
4. More synovial inflammation

90
Q

Some forms of arthritis are __________

A

autoimmune diseases where the immune system attacks articular cartilage

PHS-3103 (10 decks)

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