Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PHS-3103 > Heart > Flashcards

Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of (3x)

A

1) Heart
2) Blood
3) Vascular System

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Is the heart a hollow muscular organ?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How many chambers does the heart have? And what are they?

A

1) Right atrium
2) Right ventricle
3) Left atrium
4) Left Ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The flow of blood is left ventricle –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______ –> _______

A

Left ventricle –> artery –> systemic circulation –> vein –> right atrium –> right ventricle –> pulmonary artery –> lung –> pulmonary vein –> left atrium –> left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What type of blood does the pulmonary circuit carry?

A

Oxygen-poor blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What type of blood does the systemic circuit carry?

A

Oxygen-rich blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The heart pumps oxygen-poor (_______) blood to the ______ (the ______ circuit) and oxygen-rich (_______) blood to the ______ (the ______ circuit)

A

1) deoxygenated, lungs, pulmonary
2) oxygenated, rest of the body, systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Would the midsagittal section be completely symmetrical? and Why?

A

No, it would not be completely symmetrical because the base of the heart is slightly to the left of the midline.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is connected to the superior end of the heart at its base?

A

The great vessels, both veins, and arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Red on heart diagrams mean?

A

Oxygen rich

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Blue on heart diagrams mean?

A

Oxygen poor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The Endocardium includes

A
  1. Connective tissue (Areolar Tissue)
  2. Endothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

The Myocardium includes

A
  1. Bundles of cardiac muscle cells
  2. Connective tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The Serous Pericardium includes

A

Visceral and Parietal
1. Mesothelium (BOTH)
2. Areolar Tissue (BOTH)
3. Dense fibrous layer (Parietal ONLY)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Fibrous Pericardium includes

A

Dense network of collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The base of the heart includes (2 layers)

A

Endocardium and Myocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The Epicardium is the ___________ layer of the Serous Pericardium

A

Inner (Viseral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

From inner to outer layers of the heart & pericardium Name the 4 layers

A
  1. Endocardium
  2. Myocardium
  3. Serous Pericardium (Visceral & Parietal)
  4. Fibrous Pericardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

The Epicardium includes

A

Mesothelium and Areolar Tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

The chambers of the heart is separated by what?

A

Muscular partitions called septa (singular septum, wall)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The atria are separated by __________

A

The interatrial septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The ventricles are separated by __________

A

A much thicker interventricular septum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are heart valves?

A

Covered openings that direct the flow of blood between chambers and vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the types of valves in the heart?

A
  1. AV valves
  2. Semilunar valves
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the two types of AV valves?

A
  1. Tricuspid valve
  2. Mitral valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

The Pulmonary valve is located?

A

On the right of the heart, between the Right ventricle and Pulmonary artery (great vessel)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are the two types of Semilunar valves?

A
  1. Pulmonary valve
  2. Aortic valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The Aortic valve is located?

A

On the left side of the heart, between the Left ventricle and Aorta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The Mitral valve is located?

A

On the left side of the heart, between the Left atrium and Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

The Tricuspid valve is located?

A

On the right side of the heart, between the Right atrium and Right ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Blood flow can flow both ways in heart valves (T/F)

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

The Right atrium receives blood from which two veins

A

The superior vena cava and inferior vena cava (systemic circuit)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The superior vena cava delivers blood from _____________

A

From the head, neck, upper limbs, and chest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

The inferior vena cava delivers blood from ________________

A

From the rest of the truck, the viscera, and the lower limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Are there valves between the venae cavae and the right atrium?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How do the heart valves prevent the backflow of blood?

A

When the heart contracts the heart valves close so blood can not backflow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does blood flow through the heart valves?

A

When the heart relaxes the heart valves open and the blood flow towards their intended location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

The pulmonary valve consists of ________

A

three semilunar (half moon shaped) cusps of thick connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Where does the pulmonary circuit start?

A

Right Atrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Where does the pulmonary circuit end?

A

Left atrium or Pulmonary vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Where does the systemic circuit start?

A

Left ventricle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Where does the systemic circuit end?

A

Superior and Inferior vena cavae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Cardiac muscle cells need reliable supplies of oxygen and nutrients to ensure heart works continuously (T/F)

A

True

44
Q

What part of the heart has its own separate blood supply?

A

Myocardium

45
Q

What is the Myocardium blood supply called?

A

The coronary circulation

46
Q

During max exertion, the blood flow to the myocardium may increase to 9x the rate during resting (T/F)

A

True

47
Q

The coronary circulation includes

A

An extensive network of coronary blood vessels, both arteries and veins

48
Q

Coronary Artery Disease is

A

The build of plaque in the coronary circulation which will eventually lead to a complete blockage of the circulation

49
Q

Myocardium Infaraction is

A

(aka Heart Attack) is when the coronary circulation is blocked and the cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen

50
Q

The Heart has its own command center (T/F)

A

True

51
Q

In a single cardiac contraction, the four chambers contract in what sequence?

A

First the 2 atria and then the 2 ventricles

52
Q

What are the 2 types of cardiac muscle cells?

A

1) Specialized cells (pacemaker and conducting)
2) Contractile cells

53
Q

What are the two types of Specialized heart muscle cells?

A

1) Pacemaker
2) Conducting

54
Q

What do Contractile cells do?

A

Contractile cells produce the powerful contractions to
propel blood.

55
Q

The electrical impulses initiated by the conducting system
spread and cause the contraction of the heart chambers. (T/F)

A

True

56
Q

Do heart cells need to convert action potential into a chemical signal?

A

No, because the membranes are similar enough

57
Q

What starts each heartbeat?

A

Action potential generated by cells of the conducting system

58
Q

Propagate means

A

To spread

59
Q

How does the action potential spread to contractile cells?

A

Other cells then propagate and distribute this electrical impulse
to contractile cells.

60
Q

The electrical impulse at a cardiac contractile cell’s plasma
membrane produces an action potential that is similar to an
action potential in a skeletal muscle fiber (T/F)

A

True

61
Q

What do the action potential triggers?

A

contraction of the contractile cells of the heart and the release of Calcium

62
Q

Because of the way action potential is conducted, _______________________

A

the atria contract first, driving blood into the ventricles, and then theventricles contract next, driving blood out of the heart to the systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit.

63
Q

The Function of Pacemaker Cells are

A

To Generate and Maintain the Action Potential

64
Q

The Location of Pacemaker Cells are

A

Located in (1) The Sinoatrial (SA) node and (2) the atrioventricular node (AV) node

65
Q

The Function of Conducting Cells are

A

To Interconnect the SA node and the AV node, and Distribute the Action Potential throughout the myocardium

66
Q

The Location of Conducting Cells are

A

Located in the Internodal Pathways, AV Bundles, Bundle Branches, and Purkinje Fibers
* In between the Pacemaker Cells*

67
Q

The heart knows when to contract when

A

they receive stimulus from action potential

68
Q

Why are Pacemaker cells of the SA and AV nodes unique?

A

They do not have a stable resting membrane potential.

69
Q

Not having a stable resting membrane potential means

A

Each time a pacemaker cell repolarizes, it then spontaneously and gradually depolarizes. Such autonomic depolarization is called autorhythmicity.

70
Q

A continuous heartbeat is maintained because

A

Pacemaker cells of the SA and AV nodes are unique: they do not have a stable resting membrane potential.

71
Q

Where is the rate of spontaneous depolarization the fastest

A

At the SA node

72
Q

What is the function of the SA node

A

The SA node establishes the baseline heart rhythm or sinus rhythm. The SA node also generates an action potential

73
Q

Starting at the SA node generating action potential, what happens next

A

the action potential spread across the atrial surface and causes atrial contractile cells to contract ➠ contraction of the atria

74
Q

In the meantime of the AP traveling to the atrium, it also

A

travels via the internodal pathway to the AV node, where the conduction of the action potential slows down (a brief delay to allow the atrial contraction to occur before the ventricular contraction begins)

75
Q

After the brief delay at the AV node,

A

The action potential is conducted along the AV bundle and the bundle branches to the Purkinje fibers.

76
Q

What happens after the Purkinje fibers receive the AP

A

The Purkinje fibers then distribute the action potential to the ventricular myocardium. Purkinje fibers radiate from the apex toward the base of the heart ➠ the ventricles contract in a wave that begins at the apex of the heart and spreads toward the base ➠ pushing blood toward the base, into the aorta and pulmonary trunk.

77
Q

Electrocardiogram, also known as

A

ECG OR EKG

78
Q

The procedure to monitor the electrical events in the heart is called

A

Electrocardiography.

79
Q

A recording of these electrical events is called

A

Electrocardiogram,

80
Q

Are there standard ways to place the electrodes? Results?

A

Yes, which results in a standard EKG/ECG

81
Q

What does the P wave show?

A

atrial depolarization

82
Q

What happens immediately after atrial depolarization?

A

Atrial contraction

83
Q

The atrial contraction occurs during what segment

A

P-R segment

84
Q

The P-R segment shows

A

conduction through AV node and AV bundle

85
Q

The Q wave shows

A

the beginning of ventricular depolarization

86
Q

The QRS complex shows

A

The completion of ventricular depolarization and contraction

87
Q

Ventricular contraction occurs shortly after what

A

the R peak from the apex toward the base

88
Q

The T wave shows

A

The ventricular repolarization

89
Q

Before the cardiac cycle begins, what occurred?

A

The heart is relaxed and all four chambers are partly filled with blood

90
Q

Why is there a brief resting phase before each heartbeat

A

for the chambers to relax and prepare for the next heartbeat.

91
Q

The period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next is

A

a single cardiac cycle.

92
Q

For any one chamber in the heart, the cardiac cycle can be divided into

A

two phases: systole and diastole.

93
Q

During systole

A

the chamber contracts and pushes blood into an adjacent chamber or into an arterial trunk.

94
Q

During Diastole

A

the chambers fills with blood and prepares for the next cardiac cycle.

95
Q

The basic principle od the cardiac cycle is

A

that Fluids flow from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

96
Q

Blood flows from one chamber to another

A

only if the pressure in the first chamber exceeds that in the second.

97
Q

The first step of the cardiac cycle is

A

Atrial systole begins

Additional small amount of blood is pushed into the ventricles

98
Q

The second step of the cardiac cycle is

A

Atrial diastole begins

Atria begin and remain relaxed till the end of this cardiac cycle

99
Q

The third step of the cardiac cycle is

A

Ventricular systole begins

This is the first/early phase - AKA isovolumetric phase. The contraction is mild, only enough to close the AV valves, but not enough to push the blood into the great arteries.

100
Q

The fourth step of the cardiac cycle is

A

Ventricular ejection

This is the second/later phase - AKA ventricular
ejection phase. The contraction becomes strong, enough to push the blood into the great arteries.

101
Q

The fifth step of the cardiac cycle is

A

Ventricular diastole

All four chambers relax, blood flows in

102
Q

The sixth step of the cardiac cycle is

A

Ventricular diastole begins

Ventricles begin to relax, ventricular pressure drops ➠ blood flows back ➠ closure of the semilunar valve. Blood begins to fill atria.

103
Q

When considering cardiac function over time, physicians generally are most interested in

A

cardiac output

104
Q

Cardiac output (CO) is

A

the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in 1 minute.

105
Q

cardiac output (CO) is an indication

A

of the blood flow through peripheral tissues - and without adequate blood flow, homeostasis cannot be maintained.

106
Q

The cardiac output provides a useful indication

A

of ventricular efficiency over time.

107
Q

The body precisely adjusts cardiac output to

A

supply peripheral tissues with enough blood as conditions change.

PHS-3103 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions