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Histology > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Sphincters are operated by what type of muscle?

A

Skeletal muscle

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2
Q

What is being described: Non-dividing cells surrounded by satellite cells and contained in a sarcolemma.

A

Muscle fibre

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3
Q

What are muscular satellite cells?

A

These arise from the myoblast cells that do not fuse to form myotubes. They remain as undifferentiated muscle stem cells/mesenchymal cells that can replace muscle fibres lost due to injury.

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4
Q

When a satellite cell is activated by injury, what happens?

A

The satellite cell undergoes asymmetric division - forming one satellite cell and one myoblast. The myoblast matures and fuses to the muscle fibre.

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5
Q

True or false: Skeletal muscle is striated

A

True,

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6
Q

True or false: Skeletal muscle is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

A

False, it requires somatic or voluntary input.

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7
Q

Fused myocytes/tubular cells formed from myoblasts form __1__ and are surrounded by __2___ (connective tissue around muscle cells). Bundles of 1 form muscle fascicle, surrounded by __3__. The __4__ covers all the fascicles.

A

1) Muscle fibres (cell)
2) Endomysium
3) Perimysium
4) Epimysium

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8
Q

What are the myofilaments inside a muscle fibre?

A

Thin: actin, tropomyosin, troponin Thick: myosin

Remember the muscle fibre is composed of many myofibrils and each myofibril which is also called a muscle cell is made up of myofilaments

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9
Q

What is a myofibril?

A

Any one of the contractile threads found in a muscle fibre.

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10
Q

What are transverse tubules (T-tubules) and what do they do?

A

‘Tunnels’ throughout muscle fibres that conduct action potentials from the sarcolemma to initiate contraction.

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11
Q

What is a sarcomere?

A

The smallest functional unit of muscle (not the smallest structural unit). Contraction happens here. Basically the area between 2 Z lines.

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12
Q

What forms the I band of the sarcomere?

A

Only thin bands of actin and it looks lighter because actin is isotropic/thin.

Think there’s only one Ishika

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13
Q

What forms the A bands of the sarcomere?

A

Thick bands of myosin (Anisotropic), overlapping with actin, therefore, appears dark.

Think A as in Alpa has 2 children

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14
Q

What is the Z line in the sarcomere?

A

Protein chain that supports the actin filaments (I bands). Z = zig zag

Remember Z at the end of the alphabet thus, at the end of the sarcomere

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15
Q

What is the M line in a sarcomere?

A

The middle line. (M for middle). Consists of proteins supporting the thick myosin filaments.

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16
Q

Where is the H zone on a sarcomere?

A

The central region that contains only myosin thick filaments.

Think, H for a house and only Maisuryas (Myosin) in the house

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17
Q

How is contraction achieved in the sarcomere?

A

Sliding of thick and thin filaments in the zone of overlap.

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18
Q

True or false: Striations can be found in cardiac muscle

A

True

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19
Q

Is cardiac muscle mononucleated or multinucleated?

A

Mononucleated. Cells are not fused.

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20
Q

Is skeletal muscle mononucleated or multinucleated?

A

Multinucleated. Myoblasts fuse together to form multinucleated fibres

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21
Q

Cardiac muscle contains intercalated discs at the ends of the cardiocytes. What structures are found here and why?

A

Gap junctions and desmosomes allow exchange of ions and molecules - allows spread of action potentials.

22
Q

True or false: A sarcomere Z line appears zig zag shaped, and the M line appears straight

A

True z line = zig zag

23
Q

True or false: cardiac muscle contraction is not reliant on the nervous system for stimulation.

A

True Pacemaker cells stimulate contractions; the nervous system can only alter the rate of activity.

24
Q

True or false: Smooth muscle is incapable of regeneration

A

False. Smooth muscle cells can divide, therefore the tissue is capable of regeneration.

25
Q

True or false: Cardiac muscle is incapable of regeneration

A

True

26
Q

In which type of muscle will you NOT find sarcomeres?

A

Smooth muscle as it does not have striations

27
Q

Describe the development of muscles.

A
  1. Myoblasts which are tiny cells combine together to form myotubes.
  2. Myotubes then form myofilaments/muscle fibres.
28
Q

Describe skeletal muscle.

A
  • Striated as it has actin and myosin as it is involved in moving and stabilising bones and needs to contract.
  • Voluntary
  • e.g. biceps
29
Q

Describe cardiac muscle

A
  • Only found in the heart
  • Involuntary, because you don’t need to think about when your heart beats
  • Striated because your heart needs to contract
30
Q

Describe smooth muscle

A
  • Found in walls of vessels and hollow organs e.g. stomach
  • Non-striated as they don’t use actin and myosin to contract but their elastic walls and peristalsis.
31
Q

What is the longest muscle in the body?

A

Sartorius (in leg- quads)

32
Q

What is the smallest muscle in the body?

A

Stapedius

33
Q

What is the biggest muscle in the body?

A

Gluteus maximum

34
Q

What are the 2 attachments of the muscle?

A

Origin and Insertion

35
Q

Origin is the attachment that moves ___1___ whilst the insertion is the attachment that moves ___2___.

A
  1. The least
  2. The most
36
Q

How are skeletal muscles joined to the bones?

A

Via strong connective tissue called tendons

37
Q

What are the 4 main functions of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Movement
  2. Posture
  3. Support of soft tissues and stabilise joints
  4. Thermoregulation
38
Q

Flat muscles are?

A

Have parallel fibres e.g. external oblique

(remember abs are flat and they are parallel)

39
Q

Pennate muscles are?

A

Feather like e.g. deltoid

40
Q

Fusiform muscles are?

A

Spindle-shaped with thick belly e.g. biceps brachii

Remember it is fussy so it eats what it likes and has a fat belly

41
Q

Convergent muscles are?

A

Pectoralis major (converge from broad to single tendon)

42
Q

Quadrate muscles are?

A

4 equal sides e.g. rectus abdominis

43
Q

What is this structure? Label it

A

A) Blood vessels

B) Perimysium

C) Epimyisim

D) Muscle fibre

E) Fascicle (wrapped by perimysium)

F) Endomysium (between fibres)

G) Tendon

H) Bone

44
Q

What is a prime mover? What is the difference between antagonist and synergist muscles?

A
  • ​​Prime mover - The muscle that has the major responsibility for a certain movement
  • Antagonist - Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover
  • Synergist - Muscle that aids a prime mover
45
Q

What are type 1 muscle fibres?

A
  • Known as slow-twitch oxidative
  • Rich in blood supply
  • low force but highly resistant to fatigue
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Red colour
46
Q

What are type 2a fibres?

A
  • Fast-twitch oxidative/glycolytic
  • More force than type 1 but medium fatigue resistance
  • Aerobic then anaerobic respiration
  • White colour
47
Q

What are type 2b muscle fibres?

A
  • Fast-twitch fibres (glycolytic (breaks down glycogen))
  • Anaerobic
  • Lots of energy really quickly like when weightlifting but very low resistance to fatigue.
  • White colour
48
Q

What is an exception in the normal voluntary control of the skeletal muscle?

A

Respiratory movements such as the contraction of the diaphragm are automatic as well as the myotatic reflex (knee-jerk movement).

49
Q

What is a tonic contraction?

A

This is a slight contraction of muscles even when relaxed, this provides the tone of muscles and maintenance of posture.

50
Q

What is phasic contraction?

A

Two types

  • Isotonic: muscle changes length in relationship to movement
  • Isometric: Muscle remains the same length (isoMetric)
51
Q

Where is smooth muscle found?

A
  • Skin (controls the muscles of hair)
  • Eyeball (controls pupils and lens)
  • Cardiovascular system (blood vessels)
  • Digestive system (stomach)
  • Urinary system
52
Q

Myositis is an __1___ inflammatory disease of the __2__, __3__, __4__ and __5__. Breathing and swallowing are affected. Primary treatment is DMARDs and steroids.

A
  1. Autoimmune
  2. Muscles
  3. Skin
  4. Lungs
  5. Heart

Histology (17 decks)

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