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HISTO BLOCK 2 > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

two different muscle types

A

-striated and smooth

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2
Q

muscles cells have what kind of filament?

A

contractile filaments

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3
Q

contractile filaments are composed of what two things?

A
  • actin

- myosin

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4
Q

muscle contraction can be what

A

voluntary or involuntary

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5
Q

what conveys neural and vascular elements to muscle cells and acts as a harness for the force of muscle contraction?

A

connective tissue investments

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6
Q

what are the three different connective tissue investments important to muscle

A

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium

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7
Q

what connective tissue surronds small bundles of muscle?

A

perimysium

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8
Q

what are fasciles

A

small bundles of muscle

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9
Q

what surrounds the entire muscle and forms aponerouses

A

epimysium

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10
Q

what connects skeletal muscle to muscle

A

aponeuroses

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11
Q

what connects bone to muscle

A

tendons

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12
Q

what surrounds individual muscle cells and is made up of reticular fibers and has an external lamina?

A

endomysium

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13
Q

muscle cells are also known as

A

muscle fibers

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14
Q

what muscle fibers are slow contracting and do not fatigue easily

A

red fibers

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15
Q

what muscle fibers are fast contracting but fatigue easily

A

white fibers

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16
Q

3 types of muscle fibers

A

red
white
intermediate

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17
Q

what muscles are fast twitch muscles because they have been converted due to endurance training

A

intermediate muscle fibers

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18
Q

what do all of the muscle fibers differ from each other on?

A

content of myoglobin , number of mitochondria, rate of contraction,
concentration of various enzymes

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19
Q

what is a protein that is similar to hemoglobin because it also binds to oxygen

A

myoglobin

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20
Q

what can change a fibers type

A

change in innervation

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21
Q

when a red fiber is denervated what happens to its innervatoin

A

it is replaced with white fiber, red fiber will change its characteristics and become

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22
Q

muscles cells are formed during development by individual muscle cells called..

A

myoblast

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23
Q

what shape do muscle cells have?

A

polygonal

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24
Q

how are muscle fibers different from C.T. fibers

A

muscle fibers- are cellular elements

C.T. fiber- are extracellular products of connective tissue cells

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25
Q

where are the nuclei located in skeletal muscle?

A

in the cytoplasm immediatly beneath the plasma membrane

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26
Q

what is sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane of muscle cells

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27
Q

shape of skeletal muscle

A

long and cylindrical

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28
Q

what muscle cells are enveloped by an external lamina and reticular fibers

A

skeletal muscle cells

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29
Q

what is the cytoplasm of muscle cells called

A

sacroplasm

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30
Q

skeletal muscle cells posses cylindrical collection of what

A

myofibrils

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31
Q

what are myofibrils made up of

A

long cylinder bundles of thick and thin myofilaments

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32
Q

myofibrils are held in alignment by what intermediate filament?

A

desmin (vimentin during embrological development)

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33
Q

what assists desmin and also tethers Z disks of adjacent myofibrils to one another

A

plectin

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34
Q

what is known to help distribute force for contraction through the whole cell , also protecting integrity of muscle fiber

A

desmin

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35
Q

what is the primary substrate in actively contracting muscles

A

glucose

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36
Q

how much of the dry weight of skeletal and cardiac muscle is glycogen

A

1%

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37
Q

for fast reacting muscles like the legs while running, how is most of the energy provided

A

by anaerobic glycolysis of stored glycogen

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38
Q

how is most of the energy that was used for contraction recovered?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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39
Q

oxygene that is needed for oxidative phosphorylation comes from where

A

the oxygen that is bound to myoglobin

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40
Q

DRM- desmin-related myopathy is a rare inherited disease in which what happens?

A

mutation is responsible for the formation of desmin molecules that become desmin aggregates instead of filaments. Since there are no filaments there is disorganization in the cell. So symptoms include, weakness in muscles of the leg, trunk and entire body. Desmin affects cardiac and smooth muscle so DRM is also associated with respiratory problems and heart faliure

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41
Q

what is a sacromere

A

the regular repeating region that is between z disks

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42
Q

what is the functional unit of contraction in skeletal muscle

A

sacromeres

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43
Q

SR- sacroplasmic reticulum is what

A

a modified smooth endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds myofilaments and is the mesh work around each myofibril

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44
Q

what encircles the myofibrils at the junction of each A and I band

A

terminal cisternae

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45
Q

how does SR regulate muscle contraction

A

when it sequesters calcium ions it leads to relaxation and when it release calcium ions it leads to contraction

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46
Q

what help provide uniform contraction throughout the muscle cell

A

triads

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47
Q

what are responsible for sarcomere banding patterns and lie parallel to the long axis of myofibril?

A

thick and thin filaments

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48
Q

myofilaments include what two things

A

thick and thin filaments

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49
Q

what are the myoblastlike cells that are left over from embryonic development?

A

satellite cells

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50
Q

what cells are regenerative and fuse together and form skeletal muscle cells when the need arises?

A

satellite cells

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51
Q

what is the size of the synaptic cleft between neurons and muscle cells

A

20-30nm

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52
Q

what is known to break down ACH and bring it back into the presynaptic vesicle until another action potential occurs?

A

ACH Esterase ( AChE)

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53
Q

what are the intermediate filaments that secure adjacent mypofibrils together?

A

desmin

vimentin

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54
Q

what is the basic contractile unit of a muscle cell?

A

sarcomere

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55
Q

in order to ensure that muscle cells do not become to long or broad, the muscle cell manufactures a protein called?

A

myostatin

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56
Q

what bands usually stain dark

A

a bands

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57
Q

what contains both thick and thin filaments

A

a bands

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58
Q

how many thin filaments surround each thick filament

A

6

59
Q

what are anisotrpic with polarized light

A

a bands

60
Q

what are isotropic with polarized light

A

i bands

61
Q

what appear lightly stained in histological preparations?

A

i bands

62
Q

anisotropic means

A

varying in magnitude depending on the direction of measurement

63
Q

what does isotropic mean

A

having a physical property that s the same value no matter what way you measure it

(not varying in magnitude depending on how you measure it)

64
Q

which bands contain only thin filaments

A

i bands

65
Q

what are the light regions in a bands

A

h zones/ bands

66
Q

what consists of only thick filaments

A

h bands

67
Q

what are the narrow dark regions in the center of h bands at the center of the thick filaments

A

m lines

68
Q

what are the dense regions that bisect each i band

A

z discs

69
Q

what is known to anchor z discs together with the help of plectin

A

desmin

70
Q

parts of the z discs are anchored to parts of the sarcolemma by what

A

vinculin and dystrophin

71
Q

what are the parts of the z discs that are anchored to the sarcolemma called

A

costameres

72
Q

actin has a positive and a negative end, what is the positive end connected to? the negative end?

A

positive- cap Z of Zdisc

negative- tropmodulin

73
Q

what is located at the H band and is the growing end of F-actin

A

tropomodulin

74
Q

what bind head to tail and are located in the grooves of actin

A

tropomyosin

75
Q

troponin has three parts what are they

A

TnT
TnC
TnI

76
Q

what forms the tail of troponin and binds troponin to tropomyosin

A

TnT

77
Q

what has four binding sites for calcium in troponin

A

TnC

78
Q

what binds to actin, inhibiting the interaction of myosin and actin
(part of troponin)

A

TnI

79
Q

what is the long inelastic protein on actin

A

nebulin

80
Q

how many nebulin molecules wrap around each thin filament and help to anchor it to the z disc?

A

2 nebulin filaments

81
Q

each nebulin is embedded in what

A

z disc

82
Q

does nebulin span the entire z dis

A

no

83
Q

the amino terminal of nebulin ends where

A

in the a band, at or near the free end of the thin filament

84
Q

what is thought to determine the length od skeletal muscle in association to the thin filament

A

nebulin

85
Q

what prevents G-actin molecules from growing at the negative end of F-actin?

A

tropomodulin

86
Q

what is composed of two identically heavy chains and two pairs of light chains

A

myosinII

87
Q

what is the kind of myosin in skeletal muscle even though there are actually 18 different types?

A

Myosin II

88
Q

what looks like it has a double headed golf club

A

myosin

89
Q

the heavy chains of mysoin have what two componenets

A

long road-like tail and a globular head

90
Q

what do the tails of mysoin function as

A

self assembly of myosin into thick filaments

91
Q

what do the heads of myosin function as?

A

as actin binding sites and contraction

92
Q

what is the protein at the M line that cross links adjacent thick filaments to one another, maintaining spatial relations

A

myomesin

93
Q

what do c proteins do

A

bind to the thick filaments in the area of the M line

94
Q

what forms the elastic lattice that parallels the thick and thin filaments

A

titin

95
Q

how many titin anchor a thick filament to the z disck

A

2

96
Q

titin spans the entire m line and connects to the other half of the sacromere by connecting to what

A

myomesin

97
Q

in the I band tintin interacts with what at the z disc?

A

thin filaments

98
Q

within the A band titin interacts with what

A

C proteins

99
Q

what are the 5 stages of of contraction?

A
  1. attachment
  2. release
  3. bending
  4. force generation
  5. reattachment
100
Q

sarcolemma is depolarized where when action potential is present

A

the neru-muscular junction

101
Q

what conveys the wave of depolarization to the myofibrils

A

t tubules

102
Q

as long as calcium levels are sufficient and high what?

A

the contraction will continue

103
Q

during the resting stage, tropomyosin cover the binding sites and what also is responsible for hindering myosin and actin interaction

A

TnI

104
Q

what is responsible for the confirmation change that breaks the TnI bond

A

TnC

105
Q

when does relaxation occur

A

when Calcium contraction in the cytosol is lowered enough that TnC losses its bond to calcium

106
Q

relaxation depends on what

A

the calcium pump in the SR

107
Q

wat does a motor unit consist of

A

a neuron and every muscle cell it innervates

108
Q

individual muscle cells obey what rule

A

all or nothing ( either contract, or dont)

109
Q

picking up a dumbbell is what type of muscle contraction

A

concentric muscle contraction, sacromeres shorten

110
Q

what kind of contraction takes place when sacromeres do not shorten and the muscle stays the same length

A

isometric contraction (squeezing a heavy metal ball)

111
Q

muscle spindle functions as?

A

stretch receptor

112
Q

what is an elongated fusiform sensory organ within the skeletal muscle that functions as a stretch receptor

A

muscle spindle

113
Q

stretching the muscle also stretches what

A

muscle spindle

114
Q

what counteracts the affect of muscle spindles (stretching)

A

golgi tendon organ

115
Q

when is the golgi tendon stimulated?

A

when the muscle contracts too strenuously which increases tension on the tendon

116
Q

what muscle cells contract spontaneously and have a rhythmic beat?

A

cardiac muscle cells

117
Q

cardiac muscle have a rhythmic beat that is modified by what

A

hormonal and neural stimuli (sympathetic and parasympathetic)

118
Q

which cells may branch at the ends to form connections with other cells

A

cardiac muscle cells

119
Q

which muscle cells do not regenerate

A

cardiac muscle cells

120
Q

injuries to cardiac causes what kind of repair

A

formation of fiberous connective tissue by fibroblast (scar tissue)

121
Q

during basal contraction of cardiac muscle, how many binding cites of TnC are occupied

A

only 50%

122
Q

what has more mitochondria, skeletal or cardiac muscle

A

cardiac

123
Q

what are the two important things about calcium in regards to the cardiac muscle

A
  1. it leaks into the sarcoplasm at a slow rate during relaxation
  2. it comes into the muscle cell from the exteracellular environment through the calcium voltage gated channels.
124
Q

what is present in the atria of the heart

A

atrial granules

125
Q

what forms end to end attachment between cardiac muscles

A

intercalated discs

126
Q

what behaves a function syncytium (cells working together)

A

cardiac muscle

127
Q

at least 90% of energy production in cardiac muscle is produced by what

A

Aerobic respiration

requires oxygen to make ATP

128
Q

what are the modified cardiac muscle cells that are in the bundle of his

A

Purkinje fibers

129
Q

MI (myocardial infarc) is caused by what

A

prolonged ischemia to heart

130
Q

what are the striated muscle cells that are fusiform and range from 20 um ( small blood vessels)to 500 um (uterus of preggo)

A

smooth muscle cells

131
Q

what has a centrally located nucleus

A

smooth muscle cells

132
Q

the heads of myosin in smooth muscle all point in what way

A

in the same direction

133
Q

for smooth muscle desmin is only found where

A

in nonvascular smooth muscle cells

134
Q

gap junctions in smooth muscle cells that facilitate the spread of excitement are also called

A

nexus

135
Q

what is the visceral muscle cell triggered by

A

stretching of the muscle itself (myogenic)

136
Q

what are smooth muscle cells in the uterus triggered by

A

oxytocin

137
Q

what triggers smooth muscle cells except in the uterus

A

epinephrine

138
Q

the autonomic ns innervates what

A

smooth muscle cells

139
Q

what cells in lactating mammary glands contract in response to oxytocin

A

myoepithithelial cells

140
Q

myofibrorblast are similar to fibroblast but they have higher amounts of actin and myosin and are capable of

A

contraction

141
Q

what may contract during wound healing to decrease the size of a wound?

A

myofibroblast

142
Q

what are known as the pacemaker cells in the heart

A

autorhytmic cells

143
Q

vascular smooth muscle contraction is triggered by what

A

nerve impulses

HISTO BLOCK 2 (6 decks)

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