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FTM2 > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Sliding Filament Hypothesis and 3 main features

A

Sarcomere shortens and becomes thicker-myofilaments remain the same
1. **A band **remains constant
2. HI goes BYE (H and I bands)
3. Z lines are drawn closer to the ends of the A bands

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2
Q

What are the five stages of the contraction cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Release
  3. Bending
  4. Force Generation
  5. Reattachment
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3
Q

Actin filaments things to know (4)

A
  1. Covered in tropomyosin in a resting state
  2. Plus end is bound to the Z-line by alpha-actin and nebulin
  3. Minus end towards M line-protected by tropomodulin (actin capping protein)
  4. G-actin polymerizes to form F-actin
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4
Q

Myosin II (thick filament) things to know

A
  1. Binds to actin subunits to produce movement
  2. Has a head and tail region
  3. 2 Globular heads (1 for ATP, 1 for actin)
  4. “Bare zone” has no globular heads and is in the middle
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5
Q

Important of the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SER)?

A
  1. Forms a network around myofibrils
  2. Extends from A-I junction to the next A-I junction in the same sarcomere* (T-tubules are invaginations at this same location)*
  3. Houses Ca2+ ions
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6
Q

What is/does Dystrophin do in Skeletal muscles?

A
  1. Rod-shaped cytoskeletal protein
  2. Links muscle fiber to ECM protein laminin
  3. Forms a complex with Dystroglycans/Sarcoglycans (Transmembrane proteins)
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7
Q

Type 1 skeletal muscle

A

Also known as slow oxidative, red
1. Small
2. Many mitochondria
3. Lots of myoglobin, Fe2+
4. Aerobic respiration, slow twitch/fatigue resistant
5. Used in marathon runners
Location: limb muscles

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8
Q

Type II A skeletal muscles

A

Fast oxidative glycolytic/intermediate
1. High myoglobin and glycogen content
2. Anaerobic glycolysis
3. Fast twitch, fatigue resistant
4. Common in 400-800m sprinters

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9
Q

Type 2 B skeletal muscles

A

Fast glycolytic
1. Large
2. Less mitochondria
3. Low level of oxidative enzymes-fatigue easy (lactic acid)
4. Large glycogen stores
Location: extraocular muscles, digits

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10
Q

Sensory Innervation: Muscle Splindle

A

Senses changes in muscle length/stretch
Located: in the muscle belly

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11
Q

Sensory Innervation: Golgi tendon organ

A

Senses tension in the muscle
Location: near the tendon

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12
Q

What is the purporse and structure of intercalated discs?

A

Found in cardiac muscle
1. Transverse component (T):
-Fascia adherens (adhering junctions): serves as attachment site for thin filaments in terminal sarcomeres.
-Maculae adherens (desmosomes): bind to individual muscle cells. Reinforce fascia adherens and found in both T and L parts
2. Lateral component (L)
-Gap junctions

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13
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A
  1. Special modified cell found in cardiac tissue
  2. Conduct impulses of the A-V bundle and allow synchonization of ventricular contraction
  3. Abundant in mitochondria
  4. Pale staining-large amt of glycogen
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14
Q

In a relaxed state of Smooth Muscle Contraction where is calcium ions sequestered?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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15
Q

Outline nerve stimulation for smooth muscle contraction

A
  1. Free calcium released from SR
  2. Binds to calmodulin (MLCK complex)
  3. Phosphoylates myosin
  4. Myosin binds to actin
  5. Contraction of muscle
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16
Q

Trompomysin

Considered a regulatory protein

A

Covers the myosin binding site on the actin filament in the resting muscle

17
Q

Tropomodulin

A

Capping protein on actin

18
Q

Troponin complex (C, T, I)

A

C: binds to Calcium
T: binds to Tropomyosin
I: Inhibits actin-myosin interaction

19
Q

Nebulin

A

Stabilizes actin filaments

20
Q

Smallest to largest muscle naming

A

1.Myofilament
2. Myofibril
3. Myofiber
4. Fascile

21
Q

Types of Striated Muscle: Skeletal

A
  1. Under voluntary control
  2. Multinucleated with nuclei just beneath sarcolemma
  3. Uniform in length
22
Q

Epi/Peri/Endomysium

A

Epi: dense connective tissue encasing multiple fasicles. Contains major BV/nerves
Peri: Around each fasicle. Also contains BV/nerves
Endo: around each myocyte-small BV and neuronal branches

23
Q

Types of Striated Muscle: Cardiac

A
  1. Involuntary control
  2. Branched
  3. Single-centrally located nuclei (some bi-nucleated)
  4. Arranged end-to-end (held in place by intercalated discs)
  5. Numerous and large mitochondria/glycogen stores
24
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  1. Central nucleus
  2. Elongated fusiform cells with tapered ends
  3. Sarcoplasm: pinocytotic vesicles, Dense bodies which form attachment sites for thin and intermediate filaments (desmin/vimentin)
25
Q

What do Smooth Muscles secrete?

A
  1. Connective tissue matrix
  2. Synthesize both Type III/IV collagen
  3. Vascular/Uterine secrete Type 1 collagen/elastin
26
Q

Calponin

Smooth Muscle

A

Block myosin binding sites

27
Q

Caldesmon

Smooth Muscle

A

Block myosin binding sites

28
Q

Caveolae

A

Invaginations in the sarcolemma of Smooth muscle
-resembles T-Tubules of striated muscle

29
Q

Skeletal Muscle Response to Injury

A

Limited capacity of regeneration

No regen capacity for cardiac tissue

30
Q

Smooth Muscle response to injury

A

Lots of differentiation and divinding from mesenchymal stem cells

FTM2 (10 decks)

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