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BAMS Histology, Tooth Morphology, Head And Neck Anatomy > Muscle Tissue > Flashcards

Muscle Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are muscle tissues specialised for? (3)

A

Moment of body by skeleton.
Movement of blood by cardiac.
Movement of gases, fluids, solids through hollow organs by smooth muscle.

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2
Q

What is voluntary muscle control?

A

Mediated by somatic motor via motor neurons
Ie. Send signals to muscles from brain telling them to contract

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3
Q

What is involuntary muscle control?

A

Unconscious
Regulates heart breathing etc.

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4
Q

What type of cells have voluntary muscle control?

A

Somatic

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5
Q

What system involuntary muscle control?

A

Autonomic

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6
Q

Describe the classification of skeletal muscle cells?

A

Somatic, voluntary, striated

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7
Q

Describe the classification of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Autonomic, involuntary, striated

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8
Q

Describe the classification of smooth muscle cells?

A

Autonomic, involuntary, non striated

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9
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle cells?

A

Propel contents of organs through the organ

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10
Q

Where are smooth muscle cells found?

A

Line hollow organs

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11
Q

What are skeletal muscle cells specialised for?

A

Contractions that produce movement

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12
Q

What do skeletal muscle cells do and where are they found?

A

Attacked to skeleton
Voluntary movement of skeleton
Subconscious movement of balance and posture

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13
Q

What are skeletal cells mediated by?

A

Somatic branch of nervous system.

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14
Q

Describe structure of skeletal muscle fibres.

A
  • Elongated, cylindrical cells
  • Multiple peripherally located nuclei under plasma membrane
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15
Q

What are skeletal muscle fibres packed full of?

A

packed full of myofibrils which contains repeating units of myofilaments

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16
Q

What is an individual skeletal muscle composed of?

A

Skeletal muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
Blood vessels
Connective tissues

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17
Q

How are muscle fibres arranged?

A

In fascicles composed of skeletal muscle cells
Encased in endomysium - innermost later of connective tissue

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18
Q

What are individual muscle fibres separated by?

A

Endomysium

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19
Q

How are muscle fibres grouped together?

A

Fasciculi

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20
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Each fascicle surrounded by loose connective tissue.

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21
Q

What is the epimysium?

A

Dense connective tissue that externally surrounds the entire fascicle.

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22
Q

What are tendons formed of?

A

Endomysium, perimysium, and epimysium blend together at tapered ends.

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23
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Have a strong attachment to bone that helps to transfer force of contraction to bone.

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24
Q

What gives rise to the striated appearance in skeletal cells?

A

Repeating Myofibrils arranged parallel

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25
Q

What forms the cytoskeleton of all cells?

A

Actin and myosin

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26
Q

What is the difference between actin and myosin?

A

Actin is a thinner filament (light band)
Myosin thicker filament (dark band)

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27
Q

What are Z lines?

A

Light bands of actin bisected by dark lines
Anchors actin

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28
Q

How do skeletal muscles contract?

A

The sarcomeres contract by the sliding filament mechanism.

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29
Q

What causes the sliding filament mechanism?

A

Conformational change causes the filaments to slide over each other causing the sarcomere to shorten

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30
Q

What does it mean by “somatic motor neurons innervate skeletal muscle”

A

Tell them to contact.

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31
Q

What makes a motor unit?

A

A motor neuron and muscle fibres

32
Q

What happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A

The neuronal action potential is converted to chemical messenger (acetylcholine)
This is detected by receptors on muscle fibres
Stimulating action potential in muscle fibres

33
Q

What is excitation contraction coupling?

A

Signal detected by receptors in plasma membrane of muscle cell
Stimulates action potential
Causes contraction

34
Q

Name to adaptations of skeletal muscle cells?

A

Sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

What do adaptations of muscle cells do?

A

Help distribute and coordinate signals required to initiate contraction.

36
Q

Describe features of the sarcolemma?

A
  • plasma membrane of skeletal muscle cells
  • modified to contain pores that connect directly to T tubules
    (Wraps around myofibrils and interacts directly with sarcoplasmic reticulum.
37
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A
  • modified from of SER
  • calcium is concentrated when muscle cell is relaxed
  • calcium required for actin to interact with myosin

Interacts with t tubules and wraps around myofibrils

38
Q

What happens when calcium is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Actin slides across myosin stimulating contraction

39
Q

What do you do when you don’t want cell to contract from release of calcium?

A

Calcium is sequestered away from myofibrils within sarcoplasmic reticulum.

40
Q

What is the function of cardiac muscle cells?

A

Only found in heart
Pump blood through cardiovascular system
Specialised for continuous autonomous contractions

41
Q

Describe the structure of a cardiac muscle cell?

A

-elongated and branched cylindrical cells
- striated
- one or two cent really located nuclei

42
Q

What is the heart encased in?

A

Pericardium - layer of tough fibrous connective tissue

43
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

Thick layer where cardiac muscle tissue is located.

44
Q

What is the endocardium?

A

Single layer of endothelial cells
- simple squamous lining

45
Q

What is a cardiomyocyte?

A

Individual cardiac muscle cell

46
Q

What does the reticular connective tissue support in cardiac cells?

A

Rich capillary network

47
Q

What do intercalated discs do?

A

Anchor cardiac cells together

48
Q

What do intercalated discs contain?

A

Desmosomes
Gap junctions

49
Q

Where are intercalated discs found?

A

Adjoining end of cardiac muscle cells

50
Q

Describe the similarities between skeletal muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells?

A

Identical arrangement of sarcomeres
Contain t tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum
Both have numerous mitochondria
Have stores of glycogen and lipid granules
Contract by sliding filament mechanism

51
Q

What are the differences between cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells?

A

Skeletal has voluntary and cardiac has autonomous contraction

skeletal the sarcoplasmic reticulum sequesters all the calcium away from myofibrils until they recieved the depolarisation signal —— in cardiac muscle tissue the SR slowly leaks calcium for heart to generate own action potentials

52
Q

Why are specialised cardiac muscle cells known as conducting system?

A

Important in initiating and coordinating action potentials that generate cardiac contractions

53
Q

What is a syncytium made up of?

A

Intercalated discs, gap junctions and desmosomes working together to allow cardiac muscle cells to be a single unit.

54
Q

Where are pacemaker cells found?

A

Sinoatrial node

55
Q

Where is the cardiac muscles autonomous contraction initiated?

A

Sinoatrial node (pace maker cells)

56
Q

What happens when pacemaker cells undergo spontaneous depolarisation?

A

Sets basic heart rhythm.
Signal to contract then travels to atrioventricular node which triggers the atria to contract
Pushes blood out and into aorta

57
Q

What makes pace maker cells undergo spontaneous depolarisation.

A

Happens due to slow leaking calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

What is the function of smooth muscle cells?

A

Found lining hollow organs
Specialised for continuous contraction
Peristalsis- to propel lumen contents

59
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Wave of contraction in GIT followed by relaxation
Waves move along lumen to move contents forward

60
Q

What is the structure of smooth muscle cells?

A

Elongated spindle shaped cells with tapered ends
Single centrally located nuclei
No sarcomeres hence no striations

61
Q

What are the layers like in the GIT?

A

Entire GIT lined internally by epithelium
2 muscle layers
Inner layer is epithelial cells (mucosa)
Under this is connective tissue (submucosa)

62
Q

What surrounds the sub mucosa?

A

2 layers of smooth muscle (muscularis propria)

63
Q

What is the orientation of layers in smooth muscle and why is it important?

A

Inner layer = circular
Outer layer = longitudinal

Orientation produces waves of contraction to push contents of lumen along.

64
Q

What does the inner circular layer of the GIT do?

A

Constructs lumen diameter

65
Q

What does the outer longitudinal layer of the GIT do?

A

Shortens length

66
Q

What modulates the intensity of peristalsis?

A

Parasympathetic nervous system

67
Q

What is the parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Between outer and inner layer of GIT
Has parasympathetic nerve cell bodies that regulate and control intensity of peristalsis contraction

68
Q

What does smooth muscle cells not contain?

A

No t tubules
No myofibrils therefor no sarcomeres

69
Q

How does the sarcoplasmic reticulum differ in smooth muscle cells?

A

Forms loose network throughout cells as no myofibrils to interact with
This is why muscle cells appear nonstriated

70
Q

How are actin and myosin arranged in smooth muscle cells and what are they important for?

A

Crisscross lattice
- generate contractile ability of cells by sliding over each other

71
Q

How is smooth muscle cell anchored to cytoplasm and cell membrane?

A

Dense bodies

72
Q

What are actin and myosin attached to in smooth muscle cells?

A

Actin attached to dense bodies which attach to sarcolemma and bind muscle cells together
Myosin distributed around cytoplasm

73
Q

When a contraction occurs in a smooth muscle cell what is the 3rd filament?

A

Desmin

74
Q

What shape do smooth muscle cells adapt when contraction happens?

A

Globular structure

75
Q

What type of muscle cell uses the least energy during contraction?

A

Smooth muscle cells

BAMS Histology, Tooth Morphology, Head And Neck Anatomy (11 decks)

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