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Histology > Muscle & Tendon > Flashcards

Muscle & Tendon Flashcards

1
Q

Visceral found

A

Blood vessel

Gut

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2
Q

Skeletal found/fx

A

Attached to skeleton via tendons
Responsible for movement
Posture

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3
Q

Skeletal muscle cell formation

A

Some mesenchyme cells in each myotome diff into precursor skeletal m cells (myoblasts)
Myoblasts fuse end to end form elongated multinucleated myotubes
Contractile proteins laid down pushing nuclei to periphery and form mature muscle cell/myofibres/muscle fibres
Some myoblasts persist as precursors and may take part in m repair

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4
Q

How is the body like a system of levers

A

Joints act as pivots/fulcrum
Skeleton is load being moved
Muscle provides the effort
Joints can act as pulleys sometimes where pass over more than one joint to insert on bone changing tithe direction of pull

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5
Q

Energy conversions

A

Elastic E is important for fx when stretched the gators kinetic E

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6
Q

Types of levers

A

Fulcrum between load and effort
Load between fulcrum and effort
Effort between fulcrum and load

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7
Q

Antagonists

A

A pair of muscles usually act in opposition to each other

Eg triceps & biceps brachii mm

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8
Q

Synergists

A

Muscles can act together

Eg Biceps brachii & brachialis mm

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9
Q

Origin

A

Proximal or central attachment of tendon to bone (less movement)

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10
Q

Insertion

A

Distal or peripheral attachment of muscle tendon to bone (more movement)

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11
Q

Belly

A

Main part with muscle fibres

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12
Q

Head

A

Part of belly nearest the origin of the muscle

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13
Q

Fat muscles

A

More force gen capacity

More contracting muscles on parallel

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14
Q

Long muscles

A

Contract faster

More contracting units in series

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15
Q

How does muscle cell orientation affect contraction

A

Force and velocity of m contraction

Force gen capacity enhanced at expense of speed and shortening capacity

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16
Q

Muscle patterns

A 
Strap eg zygomaticus
Spindle/fusiform eg biceps brachii
Unipennate eg abductir pollicis longus 
Bipennate eg subscapilaris 
Multipennate eg serrated ventralis
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17
Q

Muscle structure

A 
Myosin and actin
Myofibrils (divided into sarcomeres)
Muscle fibre
Fascicles
Muscle (tendon and muscle fibres)
18
Q

Metabolic pathways giving way to ATP

A

Creative phosphate + ADP
(Fast & short lived)
Anaerobic pathway - using glucose &a glycogen (fast & shortlived)
Aerobic - uses O2 via myoglobin & mitochondria (slow &a long lived) efficient

19
Q

Types of muscle fibre

A

Proportions vary in diff muscles due to fxal need type 1
2a
2b

20
Q

Type 1

A

Slow twitch
Aerobic
Red fibres

21
Q

Type 2a

A

Fast twitch
Aerobic and anaerobic
Intermediate fibres (not present in all mammals)

22
Q

Type 2b

A

Fast twitch
Anaerobic
White fibres
Gen lots of lactic acid

23
Q

Variations in fibre make up

A

Species evolved to have diff proportions to suit lifestyle

Varieties within species naturally/ bred to have diff proportions of muscle fibre types

24
Q

Innervation of skeletal m

A

Fibres dev according to size of motor neuron

Fibres atrophy if they lose their innervation

25
Q

Growth of skeletal m

A

As skeleton grows muscle fibres lengthen due to addition of sarcomeres in series
Opposite can also occur

26
Q

Response to exercise of skeletal m

A

Ex regime incr oxidative met capacity of motor units - CV system response
Regular max strength ex cause hyper trophy (more sarcomeres in parallel)
Athletes include appropriate max strength ex in regime

27
Q

Response to injury of skeletal m

A

Fibrosis (replace m fibres with fibrous scar tissue)
Hyperplasia (incr no of m fibres is more controversial) seems likely injured m segments can repair with the help of satellite/other stem cells their is evidence that this could happen

28
Q

Linking m to skeleton

A

CT surround m fibre
This merges to form tendon/aponeuroses which merged with bone
When muscle contracts enough skeleton will move

29
Q

How are Muscle cells held together

A

CT compartments
Indi cells anchored but have some independence of movement
Composed of dense and loose irregular CT continuous with deep fascia

30
Q

Composition of CT surrounding m

A

Mainly fibroblasts GS collagen some elastic fibres

31
Q

3 CT layers

A

Endomysium (m cell)
Perimysium (fascicles)
Epimysium (whole m)

32
Q

Tendon

A

Dense regular CT
Tight packed longitudinally running collagen fibres together with the cells which produce the collagen - fibroblasts and some GS. V high tensile strength but flexible *

33
Q

Aponeuroses

A

Flat sheet of dense regular CT form very spread out attachment
Tight packed longitudinally running collagen fibres together with the cells which produce the collagen - fibroblasts and some GS. V high tensile strength but flexible *

34
Q

Muscle is anchored to ? Via tendon/aponeuroses

A

Bone

Other tendons/aponeuroses

35
Q

What attaches m directly to bone

A

Sharpeys fibres

36
Q

Musculotendinous jctn

A

Link between m fibres and CT needs to withstand high levels of stress during force transmission

37
Q

Protection methods for tendons

A

Sesamoid bones
Synovi bursae
Synovial tendon sheaths

38
Q

Muscle types

A

Smooth/visceral
Cardiac
Skeletal/voluntary/striated

39
Q

Synovial membrane composition

A 
Loose CT
Discontinuous layer of cells close to sy fluid space
Other cell types (adipocytes etc)
Collagen, elastin and reticular fibres 
Semi fluid GS
40
Q

Cells in sy membrane

A

Some secretory - sy fluid nourish and lubricate cart
(HA - GAG is viscous and glycoproteins lubricin) both lubricate
Some phagocytic (recycle sy fluid)

41
Q

Blood/n supply

A

In CT
Smallest vessels and single n fibres in endomysium
Largest in outer epimysium
Tendons have ltd blood supply so heal slowly

42
Q

See hist lab book and ans qs on sheet

A

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Histology (10 decks)

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