Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What order are things in is you collect a blood sample in a tube with anticoagulant and spin it down

A

Erythrocytes at the bottom
Thin buffy coat layer containing leukocytes
Above the cells you get the liquid phase (plasma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

PCV/haematocrit

A

% value of height of cell material relative to total blood height in capillary tube (freq used clinical test)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Plasma cont

A 
Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)
Inorganic salts
Organic components (amino acids, vitamins, hormones, lipids)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Serum

A

Take blood sample and leave to clot with no anticoagulant and centrifuge down then left with clot containing clotting factors and cells at bottom and liquid fraction above called serum
Serum similar to plasma but less protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Plasma v serum

A

Plasma all pros present
Serum clotting pros settled out so lower pro level
Both used for a range of biochem blood tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Blood fxs

A 
Nutrient supply
Waste (of metabolism) removal 
BP maintenance 
Defensive role
Signalling molecule supply
Heat distribution and control
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How blood maintain BP

A

Blood pros maintaining on optic pressure or through reg of blood vol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How blood control heat/ distribution

A

Through preferential vasoconstriction/dilation and counter current mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Broad blood cell division

A

Erythrocytes - mainly carry O2 and co2
Leukocytes - defence cells
Thrombocytes - crucial for control of haemorrhage through clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Production of erythrocytes and haemoglobin production

A

Bone marrow
During diff cells synth large punts of intracellular pro haemoglobin (basic pro with high affinity for O2)
High haemoglobin conc give eosinophilic colour when stained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Erythrocytes fx and how it does this

A

Transport haemoglobin round the body to max gas exchange

Mature facilitate by only carries what is necessary - extrudes nucleus and allows cytoplasmic organelles to degen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Erythrocytes comp

A

Outer plasma mem
Haemoglobin
Some enz &I pros necessary for gas exchange and plasma mem maintenance
Avian have nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Erythrocyte resp

A

No mitochondria so entirely dep on anaerobic glucose met for E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Why do erythrocytes die

A

Run out of enz and can’t produce more as no organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Av lifespan canine erythrocytes

A

120 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

RBC shape

A

Highly optimised for fx
Bi concave disc allows for 20-30% once in SA further facilitating gas exchange
Allows central pallor to be observed in blood smears due to its shape
This shape also allows for deformation which aids in movement through small spaces like capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Reticulicytes

A

Immature erythrocytes released from bone marrow before final stages of diff complete, so it still contains some cell organelles eg mit, ribosomes, Golgi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Duration of final reticulicyte maturation

A

24-48hr and includes synth of the last remaining 20% haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How much of blood does reticulocytes make up and appearance

A

Less than 1% in blood smears
Can be visualised with basic dye as ribosomal RNA blue
Slightly paper due to lower haemoglobin content

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Leukocyte distribution

A

1:400-1300

Avian 1:100

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Classification of WBCs

A

Granulocytes - all multi-loved nuclei and named for type specific granules:neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Mononuclear leukocytes - (monocytes and lymphocytes have nonlobed nuclei)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

WBC fx

A

Major part of defence against foreign invaders
Main fxs in tissues and blood circulation is a means of transport to their site of action where the cells migrate into the tissues.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How WBCs respond when req

A

When specific WBCs req they once nos and move to their target site resulting in increased in that cell in circulation - this can be observed in blood samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Components

A

The formed elements (cells&a platelets)

The plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Neutrophils | General
Most numerous (60-70%) 12microm diameter Highly lobulated nuclei
26
Neutrophil | Fx
Mainly phagocytosis as part of acute inflammatory response | Particularly activated in response to bacterial infection
27
How neutrophils phagocytose
Cell attracted out of blood vessel to site of infection by chemical attractants gen by microorgs during diapedesis Phagocytosis occurs Primary (lysosomal) secondary (specifc) and tertiary granules attracted from neutrophil cyt to vacuole and mem fuse, contents secrete into vacuile
28
Enzymes etc in the neutrophil
Lysozyme Gelatinase Myeloperoxidase enz Cationic proteins - defensins
29
Neutriphil life span
Cant phagocyt anything bigger than bacteria and can ingest 5-25 before it is killed by toxins & enz produced Half life in the circulation is 6hr so entire neutrophil supply in blood replaced 2x a day
30
Pus comp
Bacteria Necrotic tissue Mass of dying neutrophils
31
Eosinophils | General, storage
Less numerous (2-10%) Sleectively stored in bone marrow for several days post production then released into circulation for 3-8 hr befor entering skin, pulmonary of Gi mucosae 12-17microm diameter Bilobed nucleus
32
Eosinophil fx
Def against parasites incr no present in allergic cond Granules cont potent bacteria killing toxins Cells are phagocytic esp have affinity for antigen antibody complexes If target too large for engulfation release granules into ext enviro causing injury to certain parasites
33
Eosinophil comp
Large ovoid eosinophilic granules in cat/dog (more homogenous in cow & horse) Major basic pro make up 50% of granule and is theoried to play crucial role in cells ability to damage larva tissue stage of helminthic parasites
34
Basophils | General
Multilobed nucleus can be obscured by many densely basophilic granules Rare (
35
Basophil comp
Similarities to mast cell incl granule content (histamine, heparin, tryptase) and activation via IgE antibody binding
36
Basophil fx
Unknown Implicated in host defence against parasites and allergic diseases. Basophilia consistent feature of heart worm (dirofilariasis)
37
Lymphocyte types
T B Natural killer cells
38
Lymphocytes general
``` Smallest wbc 6-9microm 12-30% Only just bugger than rbc Large round nucleus Variable scant basophilic cyt amount No visible granules Activated have more cyt & diameter up to 15microm ```
39
Lymphocyte fx
Not phagocytic | Adaptive cellular immune response esp key with viral inf
40
T lymphocytes
Precursors in BM migrate to thymus to mature into either cytotoxic T cells or helper/regulatory cells Mature cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs eg spleen lymph nodes between which they constantly circulate via blood looking for antigens
41
B lymphocytes
Precursors in BM, mature in BM in most mammals with additional sites (bursa of fabricius in birds) On activation mature B undergo mitosis forming clones that dev into antibody secreting plasma cells or memory cells
42
NK cells
Large granular lymphocytes that perform non spec killing of tumour and virus inf cells
43
Monocytes general
Largest wbcs 20microm diameter 3-10% Horse shoe shaped eccentric nucleus Basophilic nucleus, golgi rer mitoch
44
Monocytes life cycle
8hr circulation before migration into tissues to diff into tissue spec macrophages
45
Monocyte fx
Active show diapedesis, amoeboid activity and chemotaxis in response to foreign material Highly phagocytic Destruction of cellular debris arising due to host defence and normal cell turn over also (eg osteoclast)
46
Monocyte lymphocyte interaction
Monocytes interact and play a key role in recog and interact of immuno competent cells with antigen
47
Thrombocytes general
2- 5 microm lifespan 8-12 days Nonnucleated disc shaped Formed in BM by budding off cyt of large precursor megakaryocyte cells Well dev cytoskeleton Rich in actin myosin which cintracts allowing for clot aggregation & contraction
48
Thrombocytes in haemostasis 1
1 form plugs, occlude sites of vascular damage by attaching to exposed collagen fibres at wound edge
49
Thrombocytes in haemostasis 2
Promote clot formation
50
Thrombocytes in haemostasis 3
Secrete factors involved in vascular repair. Important products incl: fibrinogen and other coag cascade pros, serotonin
51
Where fibrinogen etc found
Aloha granules
52
Where serotonin produced and found fx
Conc in dense granules Produced in enterochromaffin cells of gut Fx vasoconstriction
53
Haematopoiesis
Production of blood cells from precursor cells aka multipotent HSC
54
Where does early embryo haematopoiesis occur
Yolk sak before liver & spleen take over hntil last trimester when bones have dev and BM becomes main site
55
MHSC divide to produce
2 daughter cells 1 MHSC and either 1 common myeloid or 1 common lymphoid prog cell committed to spec lineages
56
Myeloid prog - erythrocyte
Proerythroblast diff to basophilic EB polychromatic EB orthochromatic EB reticulicyte before finally RBC during erythropoiesis
57
Myeloid prog - thrombocyte
Megakaryocytes dev and produce thrombocytes in thrombopoiesis
58
Myeloid prog - mast cell
Dev from distinct myeloid prog cell lineage
59
Myeloif prog - myeloblast
``` Give rise to either monocytopoiesis (give rise ti monocytes, eventually mature macrophages & myeloid dendritic cells) Or granulopoiesis (give rise to 3 precursors for 3 granulocytes) ```
60
Lymphoid prog - NK cells and small lymphocytes | And other lineage
In Lymphopoiesis lymphoblast give rise to NK and small lymphocytes which mature into B & T lymphs Other lineage is that lymphoid prog cell give rise to lymphoid dendritic cells
61
Cause of incr PCV
Dehydration
62
Cause of decr PCV
Anaemia

Histology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions