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Histology > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What order are things in is you collect a blood sample in a tube with anticoagulant and spin it down

A

Erythrocytes at the bottom
Thin buffy coat layer containing leukocytes
Above the cells you get the liquid phase (plasma)

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2
Q

PCV/haematocrit

A

% value of height of cell material relative to total blood height in capillary tube (freq used clinical test)

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3
Q

Plasma cont

A 
Plasma proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen)
Inorganic salts
Organic components (amino acids, vitamins, hormones, lipids)
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4
Q

Serum

A

Take blood sample and leave to clot with no anticoagulant and centrifuge down then left with clot containing clotting factors and cells at bottom and liquid fraction above called serum
Serum similar to plasma but less protein

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5
Q

Plasma v serum

A

Plasma all pros present
Serum clotting pros settled out so lower pro level
Both used for a range of biochem blood tests

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6
Q

Blood fxs

A 
Nutrient supply
Waste (of metabolism) removal 
BP maintenance 
Defensive role
Signalling molecule supply
Heat distribution and control
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7
Q

How blood maintain BP

A

Blood pros maintaining on optic pressure or through reg of blood vol

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8
Q

How blood control heat/ distribution

A

Through preferential vasoconstriction/dilation and counter current mechanisms

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9
Q

Broad blood cell division

A

Erythrocytes - mainly carry O2 and co2
Leukocytes - defence cells
Thrombocytes - crucial for control of haemorrhage through clot formation

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10
Q

Production of erythrocytes and haemoglobin production

A

Bone marrow
During diff cells synth large punts of intracellular pro haemoglobin (basic pro with high affinity for O2)
High haemoglobin conc give eosinophilic colour when stained

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11
Q

Erythrocytes fx and how it does this

A

Transport haemoglobin round the body to max gas exchange

Mature facilitate by only carries what is necessary - extrudes nucleus and allows cytoplasmic organelles to degen

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12
Q

Erythrocytes comp

A

Outer plasma mem
Haemoglobin
Some enz &I pros necessary for gas exchange and plasma mem maintenance
Avian have nucleus

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13
Q

Erythrocyte resp

A

No mitochondria so entirely dep on anaerobic glucose met for E

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14
Q

Why do erythrocytes die

A

Run out of enz and can’t produce more as no organelles

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15
Q

Av lifespan canine erythrocytes

A

120 days

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16
Q

RBC shape

A

Highly optimised for fx
Bi concave disc allows for 20-30% once in SA further facilitating gas exchange
Allows central pallor to be observed in blood smears due to its shape
This shape also allows for deformation which aids in movement through small spaces like capillaries

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17
Q

Reticulicytes

A

Immature erythrocytes released from bone marrow before final stages of diff complete, so it still contains some cell organelles eg mit, ribosomes, Golgi

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18
Q

Duration of final reticulicyte maturation

A

24-48hr and includes synth of the last remaining 20% haemoglobin

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19
Q

How much of blood does reticulocytes make up and appearance

A

Less than 1% in blood smears
Can be visualised with basic dye as ribosomal RNA blue
Slightly paper due to lower haemoglobin content

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20
Q

Leukocyte distribution

A

1:400-1300

Avian 1:100

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21
Q

Classification of WBCs

A

Granulocytes - all multi-loved nuclei and named for type specific granules:neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Mononuclear leukocytes - (monocytes and lymphocytes have nonlobed nuclei)

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22
Q

WBC fx

A

Major part of defence against foreign invaders
Main fxs in tissues and blood circulation is a means of transport to their site of action where the cells migrate into the tissues.

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23
Q

How WBCs respond when req

A

When specific WBCs req they once nos and move to their target site resulting in increased in that cell in circulation - this can be observed in blood samples

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24
Q

Components

A

The formed elements (cells&a platelets)

The plasma

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25
Q

Neutrophils

General

A

Most numerous (60-70%)
12microm diameter
Highly lobulated nuclei

26
Q

Neutrophil

Fx

A

Mainly phagocytosis as part of acute inflammatory response

Particularly activated in response to bacterial infection

27
Q

How neutrophils phagocytose

A

Cell attracted out of blood vessel to site of infection by chemical attractants gen by microorgs during diapedesis
Phagocytosis occurs
Primary (lysosomal) secondary (specifc) and tertiary granules attracted from neutrophil cyt to vacuole and mem fuse, contents secrete into vacuile

28
Q

Enzymes etc in the neutrophil

A

Lysozyme
Gelatinase
Myeloperoxidase enz
Cationic proteins - defensins

29
Q

Neutriphil life span

A

Cant phagocyt anything bigger than bacteria and can ingest 5-25 before it is killed by toxins & enz produced
Half life in the circulation is 6hr so entire neutrophil supply in blood replaced 2x a day

30
Q

Pus comp

A

Bacteria
Necrotic tissue
Mass of dying neutrophils

31
Q

Eosinophils

General, storage

A

Less numerous (2-10%)
Sleectively stored in bone marrow for several days post production then released into circulation for 3-8 hr befor entering skin, pulmonary of Gi mucosae
12-17microm diameter
Bilobed nucleus

32
Q

Eosinophil fx

A

Def against parasites incr no present in allergic cond
Granules cont potent bacteria killing toxins
Cells are phagocytic esp have affinity for antigen antibody complexes
If target too large for engulfation release granules into ext enviro causing injury to certain parasites

33
Q

Eosinophil comp

A

Large ovoid eosinophilic granules in cat/dog (more homogenous in cow & horse)
Major basic pro make up 50% of granule and is theoried to play crucial role in cells ability to damage larva tissue stage of helminthic parasites

34
Q

Basophils

General

A

Multilobed nucleus can be obscured by many densely basophilic granules
Rare (

35
Q

Basophil comp

A

Similarities to mast cell incl granule content (histamine, heparin, tryptase) and activation via IgE antibody binding

36
Q

Basophil fx

A

Unknown
Implicated in host defence against parasites and allergic diseases.
Basophilia consistent feature of heart worm (dirofilariasis)

37
Q

Lymphocyte types

A

T
B
Natural killer cells

38
Q

Lymphocytes general

A 
Smallest wbc 6-9microm
12-30%
Only just bugger than rbc
Large round nucleus
Variable scant basophilic cyt amount 
No visible granules
Activated have more cyt & diameter up to 15microm
39
Q

Lymphocyte fx

A

Not phagocytic

Adaptive cellular immune response esp key with viral inf

40
Q

T lymphocytes

A

Precursors in BM migrate to thymus to mature into either cytotoxic T cells or helper/regulatory cells
Mature cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs eg spleen lymph nodes between which they constantly circulate via blood looking for antigens

41
Q

B lymphocytes

A

Precursors in BM, mature in BM in most mammals with additional sites (bursa of fabricius in birds)
On activation mature B undergo mitosis forming clones that dev into antibody secreting plasma cells or memory cells

42
Q

NK cells

A

Large granular lymphocytes that perform non spec killing of tumour and virus inf cells

43
Q

Monocytes general

A

Largest wbcs 20microm diameter
3-10%
Horse shoe shaped eccentric nucleus
Basophilic nucleus, golgi rer mitoch

44
Q

Monocytes life cycle

A

8hr circulation before migration into tissues to diff into tissue spec macrophages

45
Q

Monocyte fx

A

Active show diapedesis, amoeboid activity and chemotaxis in response to foreign material
Highly phagocytic
Destruction of cellular debris arising due to host defence and normal cell turn over also (eg osteoclast)

46
Q

Monocyte lymphocyte interaction

A

Monocytes interact and play a key role in recog and interact of immuno competent cells with antigen

47
Q

Thrombocytes general

A

2- 5 microm lifespan 8-12 days
Nonnucleated disc shaped
Formed in BM by budding off cyt of large precursor megakaryocyte cells
Well dev cytoskeleton
Rich in actin myosin which cintracts allowing for clot aggregation & contraction

48
Q

Thrombocytes in haemostasis 1

A

1 form plugs, occlude sites of vascular damage by attaching to exposed collagen fibres at wound edge

49
Q

Thrombocytes in haemostasis 2

A

Promote clot formation

50
Q

Thrombocytes in haemostasis 3

A

Secrete factors involved in vascular repair. Important products incl: fibrinogen and other coag cascade pros, serotonin

51
Q

Where fibrinogen etc found

A

Aloha granules

52
Q

Where serotonin produced and found fx

A

Conc in dense granules
Produced in enterochromaffin cells of gut
Fx vasoconstriction

53
Q

Haematopoiesis

A

Production of blood cells from precursor cells aka multipotent HSC

54
Q

Where does early embryo haematopoiesis occur

A

Yolk sak before liver & spleen take over hntil last trimester when bones have dev and BM becomes main site

55
Q

MHSC divide to produce

A

2 daughter cells 1 MHSC and either 1 common myeloid or 1 common lymphoid prog cell committed to spec lineages

56
Q

Myeloid prog - erythrocyte

A

Proerythroblast diff to basophilic EB polychromatic EB orthochromatic EB reticulicyte before finally RBC during erythropoiesis

57
Q

Myeloid prog - thrombocyte

A

Megakaryocytes dev and produce thrombocytes in thrombopoiesis

58
Q

Myeloid prog - mast cell

A

Dev from distinct myeloid prog cell lineage

59
Q

Myeloif prog - myeloblast

A 
Give rise to either monocytopoiesis (give rise ti monocytes, eventually mature macrophages & myeloid dendritic cells)
Or granulopoiesis (give rise to 3 precursors for 3 granulocytes)
60
Q

Lymphoid prog - NK cells and small lymphocytes

And other lineage

A

In Lymphopoiesis lymphoblast give rise to NK and small lymphocytes which mature into B & T lymphs
Other lineage is that lymphoid prog cell give rise to lymphoid dendritic cells

61
Q

Cause of incr PCV

A

Dehydration

62
Q

Cause of decr PCV

A

Anaemia

Histology (10 decks)

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