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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What can occur after a sheet of cells has formed

A

Compartment formation
Cell specialisation
Organ development

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2
Q

What do organs require

A

They need a scaffold/mesh work for support

Protection and padding may also be required

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3
Q

What is connective tissue’s role

A

Form the scaffold/mesh work or protection organs req

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4
Q

Parenchyma

A

Cells and tissues of the organ that perform the actual function of the organ
Make up the bulk of the organ

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5
Q

Stroma

A

Structures surrounding and supporting the parenchyma eg nerves, blood vessels, CT

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6
Q

What are the parenchyma and stroma of the liver

A

P: hepatocytes
S: nerves ducts blood vessels CT

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7
Q

Four basic tissue types making up a multicellular organism

A

Connective
Muscular
Nervous
Epithelial

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8
Q

Types of CT

A

Proper

Specialised

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9
Q

Types of proper CT

A

Loose

Dense

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10
Q

Types of specialised CT

A

Bone
Cartilage
Blood

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11
Q

What type of specialised CT is blood

A

Fluid

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12
Q

What type of specialised CT are bone and cartilage

A

Structural

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13
Q

Types of loose proper CT

A

Areolar
Adipose
Reticular

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14
Q

Types of dense proper CT

A

Regular
Elastic
Irregular

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15
Q

Main cell of origin (stem cell)

A

Mesenchymal cell

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16
Q

Cell types that mesenchymal stem cell differentiate into

A 
Chondrocytes
Osteocytes
Adipocytes
Defence cells
Fibroblast
Myofibroblasts
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17
Q

Function of brown fat

A

Heat regulation in the new born (under nervous control)

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18
Q

Functions of white fat

A 
Storage of fat reserve
Metabolic fx
Endocrine fx
Insulation
Shock absorption
Protection
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19
Q

Types of defence cells

A

Mast cells
Tissue Macrophages
WBC

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20
Q

Fx of defence cells

A

Part of the immune system

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21
Q

Fx of fibroblasts

A

Synthesis and maintenance and recycling of ECM

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22
Q

What are the ECM fibres

A

Collagen
Elastin
Ground substance

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23
Q

Collagen synthesis process

A

Pro collagen (made of 3 pp chains) is secreted into ECM by fibroblast where it gets made into tropocollagen which polymerises to form fibrils which join to form fibres (tendons), meshes(liver), networks(BM)

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24
Q

General fx of collagen

A

Confer tensile strength as it resists pulling stretching and tearing

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25
Q

Collagen type 1

A

Follows normal production pattern
Main structural collagen type in body
Found in skin tendon bone and joint cartilage
Confers tensile strength

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26
Q

Collagen type 2

A

Forms fibrils not fibres

Main structural collagen in hyaline cartilage

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27
Q

Collagen type 3

A

Aka reticulin
Forms support mesh work of organs (eg liver bone marrow lymphoid organs)
Poor staining with H&E but good with silver stains

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28
Q

Collagen type 4

A

Mesho timing and cell membrane associating protein
Form part of BM
Helps anchor BM to epithelial cells above

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29
Q

Collagen type 7

A

Forms special fibrils anchoring the BM to the ECM

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30
Q

What is the most abundant protein in the body

A

Collagen

31
Q

How many members of the collagen family

A

Superfamily with 28 members

32
Q

Elastin

A

Forms fibres or discontinuous sheets
Confer elasticity and stretch to the tissue
Found in lungs skin urinary bladder blood vessel walls and anywhere where elasticity is important for fx
Secreted by fibroblasts as tropoelastin

33
Q

What is ground substance made of

A

A range of glycoproteins, mostly proteoglycans

34
Q

What are proteoglycans

A

Proteins bound to long complex carbohydrate chains called glycosaminoglycans
They form large aggregates

35
Q

What is Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

A

Extra stretchy skin (can be quite severe) due to mutation in collagen synthesis)

36
Q

What is arteriosclerosis

A

Thickening/hardening of elastin

37
Q

Describe the 2 different GAG types

A

Sulphated (form proteoglycans)

Non-sulphated (form the backbone of the large aggregates formed by the proteoglycans and hyaluronate)

38
Q

Describe the structure of the large aggregates found in ground substance

A

Proteoglycans form a large aggregate which bind to hyaluronate (an even larger molecule) and a non sulphites GAG forms the backbone

39
Q

Fx of ground substance

A 
Confers: 
Compression resistance
Shock absorption
Space filling 
To the tissues
Allows for metabolic exchange of molecules
40
Q

Why does GS allow for metabolic exchange

A

Molecules can easily diffuse through

41
Q

What binding abilities do the large aggregates have

A

Profound water binding ability

42
Q

How does the GS become a gel

A

The water binding ability of the aggregates attract sodium and water which when bound produce a gel

43
Q

What can GS bind to

A

Other fibres in the ECM eg collagen

44
Q

Fx of myoglobin lasts

A

Contractile fx similar to a muscle cell so are good for wound healing/closing and assist with repair and scar formation

45
Q

What does CT consist of

A

Cells of a mesenchymal origin sitting in an ECM produced and secreted by themselves

46
Q

Where are fibroblast found

A

Everywhere in the body

47
Q

What ECM do fibroblasts produce

A

Depending where they are it is specific to that tissue eg in tendons will mainly be Collagen type 1, but in the dermis will be some C 1 but a lot more ground substance this allows for different tissue properties

48
Q

What are myofibroblasts

A

Activated forms of fibroblasts

49
Q

Blast v cyte

A

Blast has just been formed

Cyte is older

50
Q

What do adobo cures form from

A

Mesenchymal immature cells called lipoblasts

51
Q

What do adipocytes look like

A

Start off flat like fibroblasts but then their cytoplasm starts to fill with triglycerides so they become very large round and fat filled
Their cell organelles are pushed flat to the cell periphery

52
Q

How are adipocytes metabolically active

A

Convert excess glucose from the blood into TGs for storage

53
Q

How have adipocytes got an endocrine fx

A

Produce cytokines (protein messengers) and other hormones like leptin (key in appetite regulation)

54
Q

Eg of adipocytes as shock absorbers

A

Foot pad of dog

Surrounding organs

55
Q

What CT types are adipocytes found in

A

White fat (adipose tissue) mainly but also found scattered throughout other types (loose CT eg areolar)

56
Q

Who has brown fat reserves

A

Newborns

Hibernation animals

57
Q

Why are adipocytes of brown fat different

A

They have unique mitochondria with a different e- transport system than other cells
They don’t use the E in fat to make ATP, they use it to make heat (no atp is made)

58
Q

How do brown fat adipocytes maintain a newborns body temp

A

The heat gen from the adipocytes is dissipated through the body by the bloodstream for the first crucial period of life until they have suckered

59
Q

What is the process that brown fat adipocytes do

A

Non shivering thermogenesis

60
Q

Categories of defence cells

A

Fixed (intrinsic) cells

Wandering (extrinsic) cells

61
Q

Type of fixed defence cell

A

Tissue specific macrophages (different names in different parts of the body) eg dendritic cells (aka langerhans cells in the skin)
Mast cells

62
Q

What are dendritic cells and what is their fx

A

Large, with long branched dendrites
They phagocytise and digest and present the antigen on their surface to T cells (aka antigen presenting cells)
When stimulated they migrate to the lymph nodes and are an important part of the immune response

63
Q

Where are mast cells found, what is their fx and what do they look like

A

Found in most CT, prevalent in the skin GI tract thoracic and abdominal linings
Near blood vessels
Densely packed with histamine containing granules
They release the granules in response to a threat

64
Q

Toes of wandering defence cells

A

WBC of a different origin to macrophages eg neutrophils eosinophils lymphocytes

65
Q

How do wandering cells enter tissues

A

Via the blood

66
Q

Mesenchyme
Make up
Found in
Fx

A

Embryonic CT
Gel like GS with fibres and stellate cells
Give rise to ALL CT
Loose CT
Relatively unspecialised so can differentiate into any CT type. Also act as stem cells in more mature CT

67
Q

Areolar
Make up
Found in
Fx

A

Gel like matrix with both CT fibres
Fibroblasts macrophages adipocytes mast cells some WBCs
Wrap and cushion organs
Widely distributed

68
Q

Adipose
Make up
Found in
Fx

A

Food store insulation support protection
Under skin, around kidneys and other organs , in abdomen and mammary glands
Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs
Adipocytes

69
Q

Reticular
Make up
Found in
Fx

A

Loose GS reticular fibres
Reticular cells lie in a fibre network
Form soft internal skeleton/stroma supporting other cells types
Found in Lymph nodes liver bone marrow spleen

70
Q

Regular
Make up
Found in
Fx

A

Mainly parallel collagen fibres, elastic fibres, little fluid
Fibroblasts
Attach muscle to bone and other muscles and bone to bone
Tendons ligaments aponeuroses

71
Q

Irregular
Make up
Found in
Fx

A

Irregularly arranged collagen fibres with some elastic fibres little fluid
Fibroblasts
Withstand tension in many directions so gives structural strength
Dermis
Au mucosa of digestive tract fibrous organ capsules

72
Q

Elastic
Make up
Found in
Fx

A

Abundant elastic fibres
Some collagen
Fibroblasts
Walls of arteries airways heart urinary bladder skin pleura

73
Q

What allows for sheets of cells to form

A

Cells developed attachments between themselves

Histology (10 decks)

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