Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Histology > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What are the only mineralised parts in the body?

A

Bone
Enamel
Dentin
Cementin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where is cartilage primarily found

A

Where bones can’t offer adequate flexibility but fairly rigid support is still required as it forms a semi rigid support structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why is it found at articular surfaces

A

It has the ability to form a smooth surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Features of normal cartilage

A

Covered in fibrous perichondrium
Avascular (generally found in mesenchyme and surrounding CT)
- Except not avascular in early embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What makes up the matrix produced by the cells

A

Fibres
Ground substance
Water (75%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What types of cells are there

A

Progenitor cells
Chondroblasts
Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Progenitor cells

A

Perichondrium fibroblasts situated in the perichondrium

Can differentiate into cartilage producing cells upon stimulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Immature cartilage matrix producing cells situated on the cartilage periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Mature cells embedded deep in the matrix found in small (2-8) clusters
Maintain the integrity of the matrix by continually turning over the cartilage matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Cartilage fibres

A

C 2
C 1
Elastic fibres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

C 2

A

Main C present
Rich in hydroxylysine allowing x linking of C and gags
Not x banded like C1 and is arrange in an interlacing network of fine fibrils (mesh) so can’t be demoed by light microscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

C1

A

More parallel
Present in the perichondrium
And fibrocartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Elastic fibres

A

Found in abundance in elastic cartilage

Fx is to incr cartilage flexibility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Ground substance

A

Consists of proteoglycan aggregates of 100+ molecules and account for the solid but flexible cartilage consistency
Non sulphate GAG
sulphated GAGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Non sulphated GAG

A

Hyaluronic acid: large in branches molecule forming the back bone of the complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Sulphated GAGs

A

Chondroitin 4&6 sulphate, keratan sulphate:
Predominate the matrix and form high density of -ve charges attracting cations eg Na bringing a lot of water with it
Bind to pros to form proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is perichondrium and what is its fx

A

All cartilage is covered by the thick layer of CT that is the perichondrium except fibrocartilage and articular surfaces
Essential for cartilage growth and maintenance
Rich in C 1 and has fibroblast and progenitor cell reservoir

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of growth

A

Interstitial

appositional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is interstitial growth

A

Militia division of pre existing centrally located and embedded Chondrocytes (only occurs during early cartilage formation) causes once mass by expanding cartilaginous matrix from within

20
Q

Appositional growth

A

Differentiation of peripheral perichondrial cells into Chondroblasts which start producing the matrix causing once tissue mass around the edges

21
Q

Cause of growth in long bones

A

Up to time of puberty due to hyaline cartilage cells multiplication at growth played at ends of diaphysis

22
Q

How cartilage gets nutrients

A

Avascular so nutrients from blood diffuse through the matrix. Chondrocytes metabolise glucose mainly by anaerobic glycolysis to produce lactic acid

23
Q

How do hormones affect cartilage

A

Chondrocytes fx is under hormonal control
Synth of SGAGs incr under growth hormone influence (thyroxine & testosterone)
Decr by cortisone, hydrocortisone, oestrodiol (steroid hormones)

24
Q

What happens in old age

A

Cartilage calcified as ages
Composition changes and calcium phosphate/carbonate granules are laid down in matrix by Chondrocytes
Becomes brittle and hard so nutrients are cut off so Chondrocytes die

25
Q

Regeneration capacity

A

Ability to repair lost or damaged cartilage is v low

26
Q

How regen occurs in adults

A

Rare
Mostly occurs slowly by re establishment of perichondrium
Fibrous tissue may fill gap instead and become calcified eventually

27
Q

Articular cartilage regen

A

No perichondrium so little/no healing when damaged
General slight wear replaced by extra matrix production
More severe replace by fibrous material so lose smoothness

28
Q

Embryonic regen

A

Repairs pretty much completely by chondrogenesis

29
Q

Cartilage types

A

Hyaline
Articular
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

30
Q

Hyaline

A

Most abundant form
Shape, structure, support & growth in bone length and low friction joints
Translucent blue-white to pearl-white

31
Q

Hyaline found

A

Resp tract (nasal septum, larynx, tracheal rings, bronchi)
Stern all part of ribs
Growth plates of bones and at joint surface as art cart
Embryo bones appear as this then are replaced by bone

32
Q

Hyaline composition

A

Mainly C2
Perichondrium
High GaG level around Chondrocytes so more intense basophilic halo

33
Q

Art cart

A

Hyaline but no perichondrium
Low friction coefficient in joint due to no perichondrium and C fibrils arrangement in matrix
Ltd regen capacity

34
Q

Elastic found/ fx

A

Flexible support and structure
External eat and external auditory canal
Some laryngeal cart (epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform processes of arytenoid cart) found continuous with hyaline often

35
Q

Elastic composition

A

Yellow due to elastin in elastic fibres
Perichondrium
C2 fibres among many elastic fibres
Less likely to degen than hyaline (less likely to calcify)

36
Q

Fibrocartilage
Fx
Found

A

Very tough & fibrous
Assoc with dense CT where tensile strength and substantial support req
Intervertebral disc pubic symphysis some tendon/ligament-bone attachments

37
Q

Fibrocartilage

Composition

A

C1 &2
No perichondrium
Never alone always merge into hyaline or dense fibrous tissue

38
Q

Fibrocartilage formation

A

Fibroblasts lay down fibrous tissue
Some fibroblasts transform into Chondroblasts which lay down cart matrix
Repair by laying down fibrous tissue

39
Q

First stage of histogenesis

A

Precursor mesenchymal cells have a stellate appearance before differentiation into Chondroblasts/cytes

40
Q

2nd histogenesis stage

A

Protraction of cytoplasmic extensions results in rounding of mesenchymal precursor cells

41
Q

3rd histogenesis stage

A

Rapid multiplication and form condensed agglomerates of rounded cells

42
Q

4th

A

Differentiate into Chondroblasts

Start producing GS and C fibres of matrix

43
Q

5th histogenesis stage

A

Cells trapped in own secretions as they lay down matrix and are pushed apart

44
Q

Final histogenesis stage

A

When completely embedded immature matrix Chondroblasts multiply and form isogenic groups of 2-8

45
Q

Cartilage fx

A 
Structure A
Support H
Growth H
Flexibility E
Model H
Joints HA
Shock absorption H
46
Q

What is cartilage not

A

Soft bone

Mineralised

Histology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions